Advantages of living in big cities

Advantages of living in big cities better transport facilities:shanghai has an extensive public transport system, largely based on buses, trolley buses, taxis, and a rapidly expanding metro system. There are 12 metro lines and 303 stations,with an operating route length of 468 kilometres (291 m'), making the system the second longest in the world. On 16 October 2013, with the extension of Line 11 into Kunshan, Jiangsu province, Shanghai Metro became the first rapid transit system in China to connect two provincial-level administrative ivisions.There are plans to further connect the Shanghai Metro with the metro systems of Suzhou and Wuxi. more Job opportunities : Firstly, the industrialization has given a lot of new Jobs such as services, advertising and marketing. As a consequence, opportunities to work in those brand new fields are widely suggested to everyone. Afterward, multinational companies have been coming to cooperate and set up economic relationships with the country. Facto ries and branches are opened in the city as a result. This has led to appealing offers of large number of Jobs for many dwellers.Thus, It's much easier to find a well paid Job or any Job for despered. better quality of education :schools are incomparable with those in a smal towns. Fudan University, Jiao Tong University, shanghai newyork university Descent medical care and hospitals: when you have an emergency or a serious disease in a big city you can easy find any hospital near a place you live and take a short time to get there. meet more people:Cities have a large population and plenty of people to ommunicate with, often from several nationalities.To meet people from different parts of the world, you may not need to go any farther than the local grocery store or park. the myriad life of the metropolis :easy access to cinemas ,theaters, museums for those who like culture. For fussys, shops on every corner,lots of pubs and restaurants to choose. Places to go and things to do in a city are not hard to find. Dating and nightlife are abundant in cities; plenty of clubs and social gatherings give ou a better chance of meeting friends or that special someone.If you get home from work late and have no time to cook, a restaurant is sure to be close to home. If you are too tired to go out, it is as simple as a phone call to have the food delivered quickly to your door. When you are in the mood for a good movie or concert, there are usually several to choose from within a short driving distance. If you want to shop, the local mall has many stores in one place. Plenty of schools exist close to home for children. By Julieyuyixian Advantages of Living in Big Cities Shanghai has an extensive public transport system, largely based on buses, trolley buses, taxis, and a rapidly expanding metro system. There are 12 metro lines and 303 stations,with an operating route length of 468 kilometres (291 mi), making the system the second longest in the world. On 16 October 2013, with the extension of Line 11 into Kunshan, Jiangsu province, Shanghai Metro became the first rapid transit system in China to connect two provincial-level administrative divisions.There are plans to further connect the Shanghai Metro with the metro systems of Suzhou and Wuxi. more job opportunities : Firstly, the industrialization has given a lot of new jobs such as services, advertising and marketing. As a consequence, opportunities to work in those brand new fields are widely suggested to everyone. Afterward, multinational companies have been coming to cooperate and set up economic relationships with the country. Factories and branches are opened in the city as a result. This has led to appealing offers of large number of jobs for many dwellers.Thus, It’s much easier to find a well paid job or any job for despered. better quality of education: schools are incomparable with those in a smal towns. Fudan University, Jiao Tong University, shanghai newyork university Descent medical care and hospitals: when you have an emergency or a serious disease in a big city you can easy find any hospital near a place you live and take a short time to get there. meet more people:Cities have a large population and plenty of people to communicate with, often from several nationalities.To meet people from different parts of the world, you may not need to go any farther than the local grocery store or park. the myriad life of the metropolis :easy access to cinemas ,theaters, museums for those who like culture. For fussys, shops on every corner,lots of pubs and restaurants to choose. Places to go and things to do in a city are not hard to find. Dating and nightlife are ab undant in cities; plenty of clubs and social gatherings give you a better chance of meeting friends or that special someone.If you get home from work late and have no time to cook, a restaurant is sure to be close to home. If you are too tired to go out, it is as simple as a phone call to have the food delivered quickly to your door. When you are in the mood for a good movie or concert, there are usually several to choose from within a short driving distance. If you want to shop, the local mall has many stores in one place. Plenty of schools exist close to home for children.

Education Relating to Minority Students Essay

Should an educator remain indifferent to the institutional bias that exists in our educational system? Should an educator address the academic needs of every student who comes under his or her care and make sure that equal opportunities for learning is given to all students irrespective of their status in society? Clause 6B-1. 006, in the Code of Ethics prescribed by the Principles of Professional Conduct for the Education Profession in Florida, states that an educator â€Å"shall not harass or discriminate against any student on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, national or ethnic origin, political beliefs, marital status, handicapping condition, sexual orientation, or social and family background and shall make reasonable effort to assure that each student is protected from harassment or discrimination. † But, is this being implemented and to what extent? During my years as an educator I have been deeply concerned with the issue of inadequately educating our minority students. This is a sensitive issue that has often been discussed, but not adequately addressed. Our education agencies, government, and parents have to understand that various remedies should be implemented to secure the future of minority students. 2. T-Think Through the Options Here are some actions that instructors can take to resolve ethical issues educational institutions. 1. The instructor could first give importance to the ethical issue of freedom of thought and expression to minority students. They should not have any biased opinion about such students and they should offer equal opportunities to all students. 2. The instructor can ensure that poverty doesn’t come in the way of students quitting education mid-way. Instructors are the ones who are constantly in touch with the students and they should be able to discern if a child were to quit studies because of lack of funds. They can guide such students appropriately. 3. The instructor should be sensitive to the issues related to minority children. Learning disabilities, if any, should be identified and resources to address such problems should be made sufficiently available to schools. They should equip themselves to cater to the diverse needs of diverse student populations. 4. The instructor should understand that the reason for low academic performance in minority students cannot merely be attributed to their families. The school, classroom, and instructional factors play a major role. They can act as coordinators and initiate programs that include the participation of community members and cultural organizations to bridge the gap that might exist between families and schools. 5. The instructor could involve the family members of the students in the overall development of the students. 3. H-Highlight the Stakeholders 1. Government: Both the federal and the state governments should take steps to strictly impose the bias test and No Child Left Behind Act. It can conduct awareness programs to educate people on stereotypes associated with minority students. 2. Educators: They must do a good job of teaching minority students about their own heritage through student-centered teaching models that encourage them to have pride in what and who they are. 3. Parents: They often face the brunt of struggling students. They can get involved in the decision-making process and in their own way can serve to inspire and encourage students. 4. Students: They are people affected by the decisions and actions of all the above. There is a possibility of students becoming dropouts. They need to make optimum use of resources available to them in pursuing their education. 4. I-Identify and Apply Relevant Ethical Principles As an educator, it often upsets me when I see children being moved up and released from high school with second and third grade reading skills. The red tape to get help is so long that some frustrated parents are forced to look outside the school system for help. Others are at a loss as to how to help children whom they know â€Å"can do it† if only they could get some help. As educators it is our moral duty to give them the opportunity no matter what race, gender, or ethnicity they belong to. We are responsible for making sure that students have strong educational programs and required resources. Lack of resources and poor teacher preparation largely account for the inadequate achievement of minority students. Clause 6B-1. 001 of Code of Ethics of the Education Profession in Florida states that â€Å"the educator’s primary professional concern will always be for the student and for the development of the student’s potential. The educator will therefore strive for professional growth and will seek to exercise the best professional judgment and integrity. † Immanuel Kant’s Theory echoes a similar view: â€Å"Do the right thing† (160). His theory emphasizes that ethical issues are based on the standards of rationality and that â€Å"ethics should begin with analysis, and that analysis is or should be an entirely a priori undertaking. † This theory will more so apply to educators since they deal with young and naive minds. They must be rational in their approach to students and they must not underestimate the intelligence of â€Å"minority† students. They must understand that there are certain basic skills every child must have if they are to achieve success in life. Clause 6B-1. 001 of Code of Ethics of the Education Profession in Florida states that â€Å"The educator values the worth and dignity of every person, the pursuit of truth, devotion to excellence, acquisition of knowledge, and the nurture of democratic citizenship. Essential to the achievement of these standards are the freedom to learn and to teach and the guarantee of equal opportunity for all. † Herbert Kohl argues that the objective of every classroom instructor and every school board in this nation should be to create a classroom environment that fosters a mutual respect from both student and the teacher. Kohl states that â€Å"looking at a child and understanding something of who she or he is or might become, is not a simple neutral act or a matter of finding the right objective test of experimental situation. Central to what you see in someone is what you are looking for. If you want to find a child’s weaknesses, failures, personal problems, or inadequacies, you’ll discover them. If you look at a child through the filter of his or her environment or economic status, and make judgments through the filter of your own culture, gender and racial biases, you’ll find the characteristics that you except. You’ll also find yourself well placed to reproduce failure, and develop resistance in some children, a false sense of superiority in others. On the other hand, if you look for strengths and filter the world through the prism of hope, you will see and encourage, the unexpected flowering of child life in the most unlikely places. (p. 89) As a citizen of this country I have come to understand that justice is something that many worry about. Be it for the reason of never having your side of the case judged or never having your side heard. Justice in education can only come when there is justice in the country. When Ronald Regan was running for President he made a statement: â€Å"Vote for me and I will turn the clock back forty years. † In a sense, this is what we need to do with our educational system. There was a time when students could learn drafting, auto mechanics, home economics, aeronautics, plumbing, painting, etc. This no longer exists today because someone in authority decided that it would be more beneficial for those in power if they abolished these programs from regular schools, have them in specialty schools, and charge for those services. More time is now spent on standardized tests. Florida has the FCAT test. Teachers understand that the students’ careers depend on a pass or fail result in the test; so, they are forced to teach to the test. This leads to the rule-utilitarian theory, which is the theory of morality. This theory does not look at the consequences of a particular act. Instead, it looks at the value of abiding by a particular rule to establish what is right. I believe that all minority students are not college material. However, they possess other special skills that need to be nurtured and we as educators need to support those talents and watch them grow. As per the rule-utilitarian theory educators can decide upon the best method of educational practice and defend it on utilitarian grounds. This theory propagates that educators can give complete recognition to individual rights and freedom of students since that takes precedence over utility. For example, the every student has an equal right to a particular facility in the school. To deprive a student of this facility based on his or her â€Å"minority† status will be unlawful. 5. CS –Choose the Wisest Option and State Your Justification Where do we begin to combat the issues toward minority students? One way to go forward will be to craft standardized tests that are as free as possible from cultural biases and from language that might be construed, because of its idiomatic feature and nuances, as favoring some students who have grown up familiar with those idioms over students who have not. Next is an equitable education system. Sometimes I am convinced that this country is not really interested in integration. I say this because I think our country wants to make sure that we will always have a segment of the population that is operating as second-class citizens. Anytime we have schools that are failing, underfunded, and populated by students of color, whether they are Hispanic or African-American, we know good and well that as adults, they’re not going to be amply equipped to accomplish and achieve the way others do, and they will remain in that second-class loop. It’s been a continuous process and we are led to wonder if it’s not somewhat purposeful. Third is racial stereotyping. Issues regarding race and ethnicity negatively affect â€Å"minority† student achievement. Just because a student’s name is Myeshia or Tyrone doesn’t mean they have no fluency in language. The last issue is money and culturally-sensitive teaching. The U. S. Department of Education has initiated teachers’ training programs to solve some of these issues. The Teacher Quality Enhancement Grants initiative consists of three separate programs: Partnership Grants for Improving Teacher Preparation, State Grants, and Teacher Recruitment Grants. Partnership Grants for Improving Teacher Preparation will provide funds to partnerships among teacher preparation institutions, schools of arts and sciences, and local school districts in high-need areas. The partners will work to strengthen teacher education through activities such as: implementing reforms that hold teacher education programs accountable, improving prospective teachers’ knowledge of academic content, ensuring that teachers are well-prepared for the realities of the classroom, and preparing prospective teachers to use technology and work effectively with diverse students. 6. Identifying Logical Fallacies A. Fallacy of Ignorance: Racial issues will not exist if the VP of AT&T is an African-American and the Secretary of State is Hispanic. B. Fallacy of Inconsistency If no child should be left behind, then why is the government closing schools to African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans? C. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization Lucy lives to the south of Chicago and does not pass the language test; Mike is from the Bronx and fails in the math test; therefore, people from low income areas cannot pass tests. On researching this topic in detail, the issues of the past still seem to haunt our current efforts to create a more equitable education and living system for all within the United States. The physical, mental, social, and economic hindrances encountered by minorities in the past are still being encountered on a higher level today. There is still the lack of understanding of minority student culture and poor teacher preparation in predominantly minority school districts. Herbert Kohn offers insight into overcoming the cultural barriers in our classrooms. The main solution he offers is that of educators becoming better trained to work with minority students, their families, and their communities. The U. S. Department of Education has begun to combat this problem with Title I and by instilling highly qualified teachers in our classrooms. However, until all students are on a level playing field, we will have a separate and unequal system that can only be overcome by seeing education as a human right, which only the Constitution of the United States can guarantee. References 1. Florida Department of Education, Office of Professional Practices, http://www. fldoe. org/edstandards/code_of_ethics. asp. 2. Kohn, Herbert R, I Won’t Learn from You: And Other Thought on Creative Maladjustment, 1994. 3. U. S. Department of Education, www. ed. gov.

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

LAND LAW - Essay Example The most common form is when a neighbor builds an establishment that crosses onto another person’s land although most severe scenarios the neighbor treats someone else land as if it were their own. In our case, Thomas built the garage before Edward bought the land but even then, Thomas was still encroaching on the council’s land even though they did not feel like taking any action against him. When Edward bought the property and he wants his fence to go through the right boundary, Thomas has no grounds to refuse him. The Land Registry Act public guide 19 states that in the interest of good relations between neighbors, "It is best to record the agreement formally. You can do this ... by setting your agreement down in a formal document" and they are referring to the case of boundary agreements. Thomas has the knowledge on where the boundary lies due to the formal agreement under existence since they bought the land from the previous owner. However, if the council land was unregistered, the law legislation LA 1980 s. 17, states that as far as the current squatter has been on the land for a long period of time (up to 12 years) and the land has been under good use, then he or she is supposed to request for a registration through the law. In Powell v McFarlane, Slade J it was alluded that the issue of land ownership could have been through a concept known as factual possession. Under such circumstances, the owner has a near exclusive control over the given parcel of land. The ownership at such times includes physical control. In terms of intrusion into a piece of land, it is apparent that the ownership cannot be claimed by two parties concurrently. Consequently, it ought to be acknowledged that the real control in terms of physical use lies in the terms that suit the prevailing circumstances. The considerations in such situations entail having an evaluation of what the parcel of land is used for in terms of commercial exploitation. In the case of Thomas and Edward, Edward was aware of Thomas’s long possession of the land under which he built the garage. Encroachment has numerous forms but only two countermeasures, legal hearing or ejectment. The decision that this case will take, is dependent on the two affected neighbors. In case they decide to go to court, each of them has a right to the land as the next if the land was unregistered and it is under proof beyond reasonable doubt. However, if the land belonged legally to the council and proper documents produced then Edward has the right to own the land. The twist comes in if Thomas decides he wants the land as well under the limitation act. If Thomas decides to pursue the land’s interest under claim of adverse possession, then he is liable to get it according to the law. Section 15(1) of the limitation acts(LA 1980) if a person encroaches on another person’s land and the latter is notified, the right to claim any legal action expires after 12 years since the owner got the information pertaining to this encroachment. Edward notified the council on Thomas’ encroachment but they did nothing and the countdown began in 1996 when Edward reported. However, in Buckinghamshire County Council v Moran, Slade LJ explained the concept of ‘adverse’ in reference to the possession of any parcel of land. This must bear relevance to the act that was passed in the 1980s. This is better explained through the quote "If, therefore, a person occupies or uses land by

Market Penetration and Branding Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market Penetration and Branding - Coursework Example Trade promotions, on the other hand, refer to incentives such as discounts, schemes, commissions and freebies that are meant to ensure that the traders stock up and that instances of stock-outs are reduced.Loyalty programs, on the other hand, refer to reward programs that companies offer to loyal customers who frequently purchase their products and services (Davis 169). The loyalty programs are often rolled out such that customers are given specific numbers that they use when making purchases. The long-term purpose of loyalty programs is to reward the customers who the organization considers loyal with free merchandise or to provide them with advanced access to products that have been freshly injected into the market. In as much as both the practice of creating loyalty programs, as well as that embracing sales promotion activities, play a role in ensuring that companies get their expected profits, I presume true the fact that the practice of embracing sales promotion activities is more efficient as compared to that of using loyalty programs. This is because they increase the level of sales when they are floated, and even after their duration has elapsed, organizations normally find themselves in a better position as compared to its competitors within the market. Tasked with the responsibility of developing a branding strategy for Achilles casual shoes, I would settle on Achilles in Trend as the brand name. Similarly, I would embrace sales promotion activities as my branding strategy.

Quotes from Ludwig Wittgenstein (The book, Tractatus Essay

Quotes from Ludwig Wittgenstein (The book, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus) - Essay Example in determining meaning arrives through the process of determination of whether an elementary proposition can be considered true or false depending on how it relates to the perceived reality of the world that is accepted as real by the multitudes. Language can therefore be said to consist entirely of propositions all of which can be analyzed for the purpose of breaking them down into elementary propositions. In turn, elementary propositions are actually simply name combinations used to refer to objects. On the metaphysical level, elementary propositions can also be termed logical representations of atomic facts. It is at the level of atomic facts that metaphysical language becomes particularly confusing because atomic facts are combination of complex facts that represent truth in the world (3.261) If language is a series of elemental propositions representing logical representations of atomic facts, then the obvious answer to the question of metaphysical meaning lies in the realization that any meaning of a particular word must be divorced from the thing it is intended to represent and instead pulled forth from this distortion of meaning so that it is applied instead to how the word is utilized. The meaning of language essentially becomes intertwined with context constructed from the elementary proposition. If elementary propositions are intended as a logical representation of an atomic fact then it becomes true that facts can change through context. As an example, consider the blue heron in scenario one. The blue heron can be broken down into several elementary propositions and the one the participant chooses to use in the scenario becomes a logical representation of the atomic fact that represents only the truth that some people do seen signs and make connection. Essentially this entire scenario can be read as a language game in which words like â€Å"sign† â€Å"soul† and â€Å"being† are all capable of being used with a broad amount of variability. Due the

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Project Management - Assignment Example The application allows the employees to register for the company-Sponsored recreational programs, which includes bowling, walking, jogging among others. In addition, this application allows the employees to register for company-sponsored classes and programs for management of weight stress and other health related complications. The service cost benefit of this application is the ability to track employees on the level of involvement in these activities. To ensure effective implementation of this application the company’s top management is advised to offer incentives for the employees to join these programs (Patel, 2008). The financial cost benefit of this application to the company can be calculated as follows Assume that the present cost of the industry average health care premium is X, this means that MYH, Inc pays 20% more of X , which is equivalent to 1.2X. However, upon implementation of the application the company is able to save AED 120/employee/ year for full time employees for four years. This follows that the total amount saved on the 20,000 full time employees is as the following calculation The ability of this application to track employee health care expenses and company health care costs and facilitating the data importation from the current systems that track employee expenses submitted by the insurance providers if fundamental as it facilitates clarity in the employees expenditure relative to the company ‘s care cost on the employees. This helps in establishing the exact loss or profit incurred at the end of the fiscal year. This is relative to the health care expenditure. The calculations is as illustrated below The concept of cross-selling is based on the premise that when the organizations offers additional goods and services to the organization’s customers get more value to suppliers and other organizational

Drawing & CAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drawing & CAD - Essay Example In my project, the major problem I faced was the right code to use. This is because AutoCAD is not that intuitive like other drafting programs. I was able to learn the commands and codes in the two main tool bars: draw, edit, and I were able to draw the commands for various parts after 2 to 3 weeks. On the other hand, a problem came about when I had to type the same line of code in different parts of the project, which proved to be tedious and time consuming. Through learning of the different concepts, I was able to realize the technique of code reuse that enables to me work efficiently in beating the deadline in the various repetitive tasks. In the solid Works Modeling Process, I happened to experience some difficult when it came to modeling brackets. I had to go the long way in sketching the offset and dimensioning the sketch, which was hard, and time consuming. After continuous use and practice I came to realize the simpler approach that involved the use of extrude thin feature where the sketch is first created and then directly extruded as shown in figure 1.1 Dimensioning in AutoCAD is used to create and design clear drawings. The dimensions are automatic since arrows, lines, and the associated texts are manipulated using the specified dimension commands. The different approaches to dimensioning include An approach used to dimension along straight lines. The associated commands include DIMLINEAR, DISCONTINUE, DIMBASELINE AND DIMALIGNED and it is used to draw horizontal and vertical dimensions. To create a linear dimension, you first start the command and specify the starting and end points and the pick a point that would specify the position of the dimension line as shown in figure 1.2 When it comes to parts that require creation of circles and radius Radial dimensions is the most appropriate and consists of two commands, the DIMDIAMETER and the DIMRADIUS. They are both similar thus; AutoCAD automatically inserts an R to indicate radius and the

FDA FELLOSHIP ADMISSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FDA FELLOSHIP ADMISSION - Essay Example at provided the impetus for my application for the Fellowship Program offered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in conjunction with both personal and professional goals. I share the same mission embodied in FDA’s mission statement, to wit: â€Å"The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our Nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health† (U.S. Food and Drug Adminisration (FDA), 2011, p. 1). The recognition for focusing my professional expertise in the field of public health was actually spurred from my previous volunteer works in HIV prevention and treatment in the city of Aneho in Lome (Togo, West Africa); in child and maternity health in the city of Tsievie in Lome (Togo, West Africa); in imm unization campaign in Aneho, Togo; and through servicing underserved segments of the population. Although sharing the same relevance in serving the needs of health compromised people in the private sector, the field of public health posed greater challenges in terms of trying to be an instrumental contributor to the betterment of the lives of a greater number of people. Likewise, I also realized that in putting my dedicated efforts in public health, I would be serving the needs, not only of my local community, but the medical breakthroughs are cumulatively applicable on a more global scale. I remember clearly that as a child, I had a fair trip in a local community in my country (Cameroon) where I witnessed poverty and need for high quality healthcare provider for the underserved population. The vivid memory nurtured my love

Business strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business strategic management - Essay Example 4). They were so focused about directly creating revenues and profits and there was little understanding on how to generate competitive advantage in particular. In years were competition is becoming fierce in the global business, competitive advantage is a must. A company should aim to be a cut above the other. It is in this reason that strategic planning is necessary. Corporate strategies are needed. In the midst of tough competition, companies could not afford to drop their chances to move in the right direction. Thus, businesses are able to grasp once again the importance of strategic management. They are once again trying to sort out their business by cows, dogs, stars and question marks. However, this seems to be classical in nature. The strategic management comes back with substantial interaction with customers and suppliers. In other words, the saturated focus on production approach just to be able to achieve higher revenues and profits was gone.

To What Extent Are Organizations Socially Constructed Phenomena Coursework - 3

To What Extent Are Organizations Socially Constructed Phenomena - Coursework Example The present paper has identified that after studying the patterns of cultural evolution, the writer of this paper is inclined towards the belief that there is a significant amount of similarity in the manner in which culture is manifested in business organizations and in society in general (Rollinson et al, 1998; Morgan, 1998). To understand cultural diversity in organizations, it would be helpful to understand its roots at a sociological level. Cultural diversity in the workplace is a direct result of ‘multiculturalism’ in society. A multicultural society simply denotes a society in which there exist several cultures (Watson, 2000). Culture is defined as,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A pattern of shared assumptions a group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you think, perceive, and feel in relation to those problems† (Schei n, 2003). So, multicultural society has in it different groups, which have learned different ways of thinking, perceiving, and tackling problems that exist in the society. Each group taken individually is a society on its own, with its own individual culture. When all these individual societies are brought under one single core society, the culture of such a society becomes the core culture, with the individual cultures as its subcultures (Watson, 2002). A peaceful co-existence of the subcultures depends on the way the core culture is structured and shaped. Culture is a sensitive term even today and it still has the ability to invoke an emotional and nostalgic association with an individual’s distinctive way of life, and speaks directly to their sense of identity and belonging (Watson, 2002). A general view of cultural differences is that they affect intercultural encounters, usually by leading to misunderstanding or conflict, at both the individual and group levels (Larkey, 1996).

Ap Language and Composition Synthesis Essay Example for Free

Ap Language and Composition Synthesis Essay Society teaches the morally incorrect and socially unacceptable aspects of murder. George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting and Elephant† and Foster the People’s â€Å"Pumped up Kicks† address the contrary, the instances in which society leads one to murder. Orwell’s switch from first to second person within â€Å"He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it† reveals the distance that the murderer puts between himself and his action creating a sense of personal distain; the same sense of detachment is evoked through Foster the People’s dreamily synthesized lyrics. The short clauses without conjunctions â€Å"In an instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there† increases the pace just as the murderous act occurs intensifies the guilt suddenly felt. On the contrary, as the chorus begins in â€Å"Pumped up Kicks† the music picks up pace with a lighter music layered over the heavy down beat evokes a sense of relief that that the murder will bring after society drove the murderer insane. Both Orwell and Foster the People address varying situations in which murder must occur through their written and melodic choices. Part 2Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and George Orwell â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† offer a satirical view of British Imperialism. Orwell openly mocks the British control of Burma through â€Å"I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British† which ironically reveals the disapproval of the governing body even by those that it employs. Swift’s absurd suggestion â€Å"that a young healthy child well nursed at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food† casts light upon the horrible treatment the Irish receive from the British while the radical suggestion parallels the extensive poverty Ireland experienced. Likewise, the thought of â€Å"shooting an elephant† develops a ridiculous idea about allowing death; the awkwardly large size of an elephant criticizes the outrageous living conditions within Burma. Orwell describes the elephant as â€Å"He took not the slightest notice of the crowd’s approach† which symbolizes the blind eye the British turned to the people of Burma. Similarly, Swift justifies babies as being good food for landlords because â€Å"they have already devoured most of the parents† relating the wealthy to cannibals because of their lack of humanity toward the poor. However, Orwell directly develops empathy toward the natives of Burma stating â€Å"It was perfectly clear what I ought to do† relating to shooting the elephant to please the people and gain acceptance. Swift’s constant sarcasm does not pity the poor, but it criticizes the British for allowing their way of life. Orwell’s narrative and Swift’s sarcastic essay critique the British government’s inability to uphold moral laws and just treatment for all people.

Environmental issues and policies in Madagascar Essay Example for Free

Environmental issues and policies in Madagascar Essay With the world’s population growing constantly and with human needs and desires growing pretty fast, we feel like every year there is less and less room for us to live on and it takes more and more effort for us to calmly and amicably share room and resources with our neighbors. In fact, it is too early to speak about global overpopulation, since there are still vast expanses of yet uninhabited land, to say nothing of the ability of humans, with the help of innovative technological facilities, to promptly acclimatize under extreme conditions. However, in many countries (particularly in third-world countries) some emigrational tendencies that are mostly dictated by economic and social factors, are creating quite a plausible picture of our future world, revealing the most likely and formidable phenomena we may face in future. Some large cities are experiencing serious problems related to rapidly increasing inflow of countrymen who, for various reasons, are forced to leave countryside and look for a better life in cities. Over the past few decades, most economies have been developing in such a way as to provide propitious conditions for rapid urbanization. Industrial development plus numerous revolutionary technological breakthroughs that took place in the twentieth century have resulted in the appearance of large factories. The growing demand for paid workforce has attracted country dwellers, leading to massed withdrawal of human resources from rural areas. In terms of personal affluence, the concentration of social and economic activity in the city has made urban environment more attractive and promising. Although governments of some countries have realized the danger of such economic tilts, most rural lands are still experiencing severe shortage of financial support resulting in persistent skepticism of many people about life in the countryside. It is to say, that it takes a lot of innovative thinking and political will on the part of a government to balance out the local economy, as well as the realization of the fact that harsh mandatory or administrative measures imposed on people to make them stay in rural areas alone will not suffice. It will be not before we manage to create economically healthy and prosperous environment in the village that we shall be able to speak about things in the countryside taking a turn for the better. We have considered the negative of withdrawal of human, financial, industrial and technological resources from the village from the standpoint of rural life. This long-lasting tendency seems to be making it hot for cities too. In many cities, especially in world capitals, unending inflow of immigrants seeking wealthy and prospect, has contributed to rapid and uncontrolled population growth, resulting in tough and fierce competition in the sphere of management and acute contradictions between management and hired staff, entailing collisions of interests, progressive social stratification and environmental deterioration. All this has led to a number of doubtful achievements and hazards, which appear to be making city life far less comfortable than it used to be a short while ago. Today, Mexico city is the world’s largest capital, counting about 22 million people. Mexico is a large industrial city, and it appears to be sharing the fate of most industrial centers of the world, barely coping with the influx of countrymen. The acceptance by the Mexican government of certain trading rules in line with international agreements, a paramount condition of the country’s participation in the WTO, has impacted rural economy, causing a dramatic economic collapse in the agricultural sector, resulting from the imbalance between local prices and those imposed by WTO regulations. This has triggered a new spate of internal migration from the countryside to the city. Unfortunately, problems that the city of Mexico has accumulated by now are not limited to overpopulation. It is not the overpopulation itself that poses most serious difficulties, but also ineffectual measures taken by the city government. To say the least, with the inflow so intensive and so evident, the city’s townplanning committee does not seem to be fully taking into account the migration problem, or they simply fail to keep pace with the time. The city infrastructure fails to keep up with the population increase, so people arriving in Mexico take up residence in shabby makeshift homes on the city’s outskirts or in slum districts. These districts lack water and gas supply, sewage, electricity, services, etc. , and there are no advanced waste disposal systems whatsoever. This has resulted in absolutely unfavorable environmental and epidemiologic conditions. Most of garbage and human wastes remain on or close to the surface of the earth, and large parts of it are carried by winds for miles away and into the city. Unsanctioned dumping may spoil water and cause massed poisonings or outbreaks of infection. This in turn directly affects the quality of the food, increasing the risk of its contamination with harmful substances and bacteria. There is another menacing phenomenon resulting from uncontrolled population growth and topped off by the city’s geographic position. Permanent release of carbodyoxide by factories, coupled with the release of automobile waste gases is putting the city on the brink of suffocation. Statistically, automobile emissions make up about 60% of all emissions, and, considering the increasing vehicle ownership, there seems to be no way to reduce automobile emissions. The realization that internal combustion is the greatest contributor to the accumulation of emission gases in the atmosphere has prompted automobile designers to equip vehicles with catalytic converters, but today there are too few such cars to make the effect palpable. The city is placed on a plateau fenced off with high mountain ranges. The cold air arriving from behind the mountains forms a cap over the whole valley preventing the warm and stuffed city air from getting away. This lack of natural convection contributes to the accumulation of harmful emissions in the area and may turn the whole place into a gigantic gas van. The continuing economic growth, extensive factory development and ever-growing population in Mexico City are aggravating the pollution problem. The accumulation of heavy metals in the air can undermine peoples’ health and result in serious progressive hereditary diseases, increasing the occurrence of cancer, chronic poisoning, high infant mortality, cardiovascular diseases, allergic reactions, innate orthopedic malformations, poor cognition and many other physical and mental abnormalities. Progressive intake of harmful substances directly affects the nation’s genetic makeup, and it is hardly possible now to precisely foresee all consequences of these destructive influences. Active use of depths of the earth, resulting from ever-bulging demand for minerals and oil has triggered rapid and unpredictable underground processes, resulting in unstable aquifers and causing much water to go deeper into the ground, making it less reachable. As long as the city is situated in a seismologically unstable region with an active volcano in its direct proximity, further deterioration of the bed may result in disastrous earthquakes, which, in turn, are likely to wake up the volcano and plunge the whole area into an apocalyptic calamity. Apart from the destruction of the bedrock, destruction of aquifers is fraught with the disappearance of water in some places and appearance of excessive amounts of it in others. This may cause lack of water supply and actual drying out of some areas and lead to unexpected floods elsewhere. The formation of empty spaces in the bed has caused some areas to sink significantly over the past few decades, which increases the possibility of flooding. At the same time, the emptying of the aquifers due to extraneous consumption of water by the growing city has led to a dramatic reduction of natural water resources, threatening to leave the whole city without water in the foreseeable future. According to last estimates, every second the city of Mexico takes 7,250 gallons of water, which amounts to an Olympic-size swimming pool per minute. With the consumption of water so intensive, there is a grave possibility that the amount of water remaining in the aquifers will be insufficient. Needless to say, this is much more serious a threat that inability to afford a car or a TV. In some areas, shortage of water is already tangible, and it has resulted in social upheavals. Changes in bedrock structure and the progressive subsidence of the ground can also result in the destruction of sewer and drainage systems, increasing the risk of contaminating fresh water and thus threatening to impair its quality. As we can see, all the aforementioned threats arise from one major phenomenon – overpopulation. Needless to say, increasingly intensive use of water and resources is attributable to population growth and human thirst for relative prosperity and every individual’s desire to occupy his or her niche in the booming economy. However, this brief outline of most significant problems and dilemmas shows that if we continue to use natural resources in the current fashion, the place we live in will soon become absolutely unlivable. In this respect, the city of Mexico can be presented as a small replica of our entire planet, which, with the same tendencies and phenomena persisting, will soon be confronted with similar problems. There is less and less room for industrial and vehicle emission gases and, like it is with the aquifers under Mexico city, the increasing encroachment upon minerals and oil resources is affecting the earth’s bedrock, creating pre-conditions for unpredictable and destructive earthquakes and massive destruction. With the situation so serious and menacing tendencies so evident, many governmental authorities of Mexico City, as well as state authorities express their concern about the country’s future and come up with lots of ideas, which are likely to prove helpful and effective in overcoming these negative tendencies. Whichever idea is the best, just one thing is evident today, and this is the necessity to create positive incentives and favorable conditions for people to live and work in the countryside in order to stem the growth of city population. As air quality issue appears to be the most evident one, the city government has developed a number of solutions aimed at reduction of industrial and vehicle releases into the atmosphere. By incorporating advanced technological systems and usage of higher quality fuel, it is possible to significantly improve air quality. Recently, a state-of-the-art air quality monitoring system has been implemented, so government officials and specialists have obtained control over air quality. Now every vehicle is required to feature advanced converting devices that are capable to cut down the release of toxic substances. In November 1989, the city Government introduced the so called No Driving Day (NDD), when car owners are supposed not to use their vehicles on certain days. The results of this innovation were a considerable reduction of traffic congestion and gasoline use. The use of refined types of fuel and the installation of waste gas purification and vapor recovery equipment are innovative measures regulated by the Clear Air Act Amendments of 1990. Hypothetically, these measures can be instrumental in reducing the amount of vehicle-related chemicals in the air and thus improve air quality. However, these ideas, though effective theoretically, have proven less feasible in reality. As a rule, advanced technological solutions are something than few people can afford, and most people find it less expensive to bribe authorized inspection employees and use old vehicles than purchasing new automobiles or applying expensive technologies. Not infrequently, the cost of implementing new equipment exceeds the size of fines by far, so people prefer to pay fines rather than spend money on equipment. For this reason, the results of the latest innovations have turned out to be less tangible than expected. The NDD policy has also revealed a number of unexpected actions on people’s side. Instead of increased usage of public transportation, Mexico City dwellers found a way around it by purchasing more vehicles in order to have a reserve automobile to be used on No Driving Days. Actually, this nullified the immediate positive tendencies that showed during initial stages of the NDD policy. Other attempts to limit air pollution include increased vehicle ownership taxation and boosting the price of fuels. The advocates of these measures believed that this would discourage people from using cars and thus reduce the impact on the environment. All these measures have proven less effective than expected, since most Mexico residents simply cannot afford new vehicles, to which the new regulations actually spread, and prefer to use old vehicles without having to purchase new equipment. Now, having discussed a few measures that have been taken over the last several years in an attempt to solve the ecological problem, we can see that they are not always applicable or effective. As there is just one major problem that all these issues stem from – the overpopulation – all efforts to change things for the better must be concentrated on solving overpopulation problem. Although mandatory measures, such as inspections, bans, taxation and can have a temporary effect, there is no way to achieve significant improvement in air and water quality but by using wise economical and political instruments. Once again, in order to encourage city dwellers to move to rural areas, healthy economic environment must be created in agricultural regions. This is only feasible through establishing price standards acceptable for country dwellers and creating an ample ground for agricultural business. In other words, in order to stop the growth of city population, we have to make the village no less livable than the city. Unfortunately, very little is being done to improve life in the country, since it would take a decision by the Mexican government to unilaterally withdraw from the WTO, which can entail a conflict with the USA, the founder of the WTO. Today, the Mexican government still prefers to use doubtful methods of forcing the poor to leave the city – by raiding their encampments, as it did in the late 1990s. 1. Phil Hearse. â€Å"MEXICO CITY Environmental Crisis, Socialist Solutions. Environment and Urbanization, Vil. 11, No 1, 53-78 (1999) 2. Ramiro Tovar Landa, 1995. â€Å"Mobile Source Pollution in Mexico City and Market-Based Alternatives† Published by the Cato Institute. Editorial and business offices are located at 1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. , Washington, D. C. , 20001

Reward Management To Motivate Employees Commerce Essay

Reward Management To Motivate Employees Commerce Essay From the inception of organisational science, pay has been considered an important reward to motivate the behaviours of employees (Taylor Vest, 1992). A consistent literature on rewards has been that to influence performance, pay level must not only be high enough in the absolute sense, but must also be adequately different to reflect the differences in contribution, human capital and efforts that exist within an organisation (livernash, 1957:143). For this reason, Hamilton and Macy (1923:15) maintain that differences in pay must reward excess ability, knowledge, skills, training, diligence possessed by its recipient over the common labourer. In addition, Lawler and Jenkins (1992), also agree that the impact of reward systems cannot be discussed without considering what behaviours they affect in an organisation. They argue that a number of factors influence reward system and this in turn influences organisational effectiveness. Research has shown that the attraction and retention of workers in an organisation is influenced by the kind, and level of rewards an organisation offers (Mobley, 1982; Mobley, Hand, Meglino Griffeth, 1979). Thus Lawler (1971) posits that organisations which give the most reward would attract and retain the most people, as individuals satisfied with their jobs would want to stay within the same organisation. According to Alan Price (2007), the term reward management covers both the strategy and the practice of pay systems. Traditionally, human resource or personnel sections have been concerned with levels and schemes of payment whereas the process of paying employees the payroll function has been the responsibility of finance departments. There is a trend towards integrating the two, driven by new computerised packages offering a range of facilities. Financial rewards normally come in the form of monthly salary or hourly wages (Bratton Gold, 1999). Most employees that work in organisations or company that have professional human resource management in the UK will attend appraisal which will allow both employees and employers to discuss about their current pay and if it should be increased. According to Allen Kilmann, (2001) his studies has shown that assumption is not always true because solid evidences have confirmed that employees earning less than  £25,000 per year can be motivated with the use of financial reward, while those who earn more than  £25,000 per year are willing to stay with one job and do their best if they have high level of job satisfaction. This shows the more money an employer pays his or her employee the more job satisfaction expected by the employee in order to stay in the job leading to more reward management. Reward Management Research studies have shown that organisations have an interest in reward management because of two reasons. Cost effectiveness and profitability, which is based on organisational type and relative cost of workers (Romero Kleiner, 2000). Organisations can save cost of employees in order to gain competitive advantage in the UK market, Which are done by reducing the cost of employees and make use of the benefits of reward management to motivate employees to apply their best efforts. They must also ensure that its pay meet the minimum requirement of employment law. Organisation use reward management as a tool to motivate their employees, influence their attitude and change their behaviour, with an aim to improve their work quality and responsibilities. Organisation can use reward management to help it maintain its competitiveness in its marketplace. Which are done by reducing the cost of its employees and make use of the benefits of reward management to motivate employees to put their best efforts in the organisation. Bratton and Gold (2003), state reward can be divided into individual rewards, team rewards and organisation rewards Individual reward: This reward system will be paid directly to the employees which would lead to having different rate of pay depending on their years of experience in the organisation and energy commitment. Organisational rewards: In this case organisation offer rewards in form of profits with its employees which is increasingly employed by many organisations who has a custom driven culture. This enable organisation gets the best outcome in terms of employees performance, staff commitment and organisational productivity. Team rewards: This reward has been increasingly been used and recognised in the UK. This is because the work system recognised self-management team in the organisation. Team reward is also believed to give greater performance and productivity from each worker (Yahya Goh, 2002). According to Gratton (2004) he states while motivation is determined by both monetary and non monetary factors, money has come to play an overly important role in our thinking about the causes of behaviour. In most companies, very limited time and effort are spent on considering non-monetary sources of motivation This has prove that financial rewards are important as a mechanism to aid recruit and retain talent, and as a means of providing tangible recognition of effort in the organisation. Financial Reward This the use of money as a tool to motivate employees in a working environment, whereby employees are rewarded in the form of pay, bonuses thereby leading to applying more effort to better financial reward in an organisation. 1 Instrumental theory This theory states that money provides a means to achieve an ends. It is an instrument for gaining desired outcomes and its forces will depend on the strength of the need and the degree to which people are confident that their behaviour will earn the money they want to satisfy the need. Gellerman (1963), state that money in itself has no intrinsic meaning and acquires significant motivating power only when it comes to symbolize intangible goals. Firms use money as the powerful force which linked directly or indirectly to the satisfaction of all the basic needs of employees in the organisation. 2 Equity theory This theory was developed by Adams (1965) which argues that satisfaction with pay is related to the perception about the ratio between what one receives from the job and what one puts into it compared with the ratios obtained by others. Lawler (1971) state equity theory is related to discrepancy theory which indicates that satisfaction with pay depends on the difference between the pay people receive and what they feel they ought to receive. According to Jaques (1961) he states they exist in an unrecognised system of norms of fair payment for any given level of work, unconscious knowledge of these norms being shared among the population engaged in employment and an individual is unconsciously aware of his own potential capacity for work, as well as the equitable pay level for that work. Organisation can establish this principle; its pay must be felt to match the level of work and the capacity of the employees to do it in the organisation. Non Financial Reward This is a method of identifying individual employees for a particular praise or acknowledgement. Rose (1998) state a non cash awards given in recognition of a high level of accomplishment or performance such as customer care or support to colleagues, which is not dependent on achievement of a pre-determined target. 1 Self-actualisation Self-actualisation model is one of the most famous models of motivation. It was developed by Abraham Maslow (1954). This model explains that a person has a need to fulfil his/her capability and potential because a person has a desire for growth. Self-actualisation model is one of the most famous models of motivation. Ambitious and determined employees will seek and find these opportunities for themselves, although the organisation needs to clarify the scope for growth and development it can provide. Mullins, (1996) state once a lower need has been satisfied it no longer acts as a strong motivator, the needs of the next higher level become the motivating influence Organisation can use the self actualisation model to motivate employees to their best efforts if they know their highly demanded need, e.g. Staff member wanting to build a career goal and development in a firm. Thus, putting the staff in the right training and human resource development program cannot only increase positive outcomes, but also gain his loyalty in the organisation. 2 Achievements Achievement needs by McClelland (1975) is known for competitive success measured against a personal standard of excellence, which can be increased by organisations through processes such as job design, performance management and contributing skill in the organisation. McClelland also mentioned that power was a prime motivating force for managers, the needs for warm friendly relationships with others was also present to managers. Organisation policies for involvement can provide motivation by putting employees into situations where their view can be expressed, listed to and acted upon, thereby forming a means of empowerment in the organisation. Motivation Many contemporary authors have also defined the concept of motivation. Motivation has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs (Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995); an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). Seligam(1990) also states that motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. Conceptually, motivation should not be confused with either volition or optimism. Workers in any organization need something to keep them working. Most times the salary of the employee is enough to keep him or her working for an organization. However, sometimes just working for salary is not enough for employees to stay at an organization. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If no motivation is present in an employee, then that employees quality of work or all work in general will deteriorate. A) Intrinsic motivation This is described as the process of motivation by the work itself in so far as it satisfies peoples needs or at least leads them to expect that their goal will be achieved. This is also a self-generated in that employees seek the type of work that satisfies them, but management in an Organisation can enhance this process through its values as well as empowerment, development and job design policies and practices in the firm. Research studies have indicated that this type of motivation is generally involved with educational enjoyment and achievement of many higher education students (ODonohue et al., 2007). Intrinsic motivation has also been discussed and referred to by many researchers, such as attribution theory of Fritz Heider and cognitive evaluation theory of Ryan and Decis (Guest, 1989). Under the concept of intrinsic motivation, it can be assumed that a person can be intrinsically motivated or influenced if they give credit of their hard work outcomes to internal factors that they cannot control, e.g. an employee of an Organisation works hard to make sure that all of its customers get served within five minutes after their entrance into the restaurant. An employee can also be intrinsically motivated if he or she believes that their skills, knowledge and hard work can help the firm to achieve the desired goals. Intrinsic rewards can be explained under the scope of enjoyment, while another one is based on obligation, it also occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant. (Herriot et al., 1997). Obligation refers to motivation of an employee and its based on what he or she thinks it should be done or completed. E.g., an employee has a responsibility to serve customers well under limited time, but the quality of the service should exceed expectation. This would be seen as a challenge for the employee when they exceed the standard set by the firm, thereby leading to motivation in the organisation. B) Extrinsic motivation This is what is done to and for people to motivate them. It arises when management in a firm provides rewards as increased pay, praises or promotion. Research studies have revealed that threat of punishment is also recognised as common extrinsic motivations (Cooper et al., 1999), e.g. management of an Organisation can deduct their pay if they are more than 15 minutes late for work. This kind of punishment is part of extrinsic motivation that can influence employees to get to work on time in the restaurant. Incentive theory of motivation This refers to a reward, which are both tangible and intangible forms. Incentive reward is likely to be presented to a person after the occurrence of an expected action or behaviour. Such reward is given to a person with an intention to cause desired behaviour to ensure that it happens again. This can be done by relating positive meaning to action or behaviour of a person (Clutterbuck, 2005). If an incentive reward is not presented immediately, it is likely to decrease satisfied behaviour (Guerrero Herrbach, 2008). This can be believed that if an organisation uses repetitive action reward combination, it can lead to certain action or behaviour to become a habit. Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while hoping for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your goals (kerr, 1995). Expectancy theory Victor Vroom (1964) was the first to put forward his theory of expectancy, which was specifically aimed at work motivation. He produces a motivational force notion, whereby the product of valence and expectancy, is the motivational force. Vroom Valence expectancy theory is that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards. The employee would be more motivated when the reward is positively high, the more negative the reward the less the employee will be motivated. Galbraith and Cummings (1967) found little support for Vrooms model they outline difficulties with the methodology and the concepts involved and found it very hard to apply to organisations. This theory is applied by organisation by setting a target for employees e.g. sales target; this will enable employees to carry out his or her daily activities effectively in return for values, goals which lead to an effective performance in the organisation. Vroom distinguishes valence from value Mullins (2002) This is shown in that a person may not gain as much satisfaction from receiving an object as from the desire of obtaining it In this situation an employee may not gain as much job satisfaction from receiving an object e.g. money and employee may find more satisfaction in the working environment than expected from an object in the organisation. (Armstrong,2006 Mullins, 2002) THEORY OF MOTIVATION According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943): physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959). Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vrooms theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Adams theory states that employees strive for equity between themselves and other workers. Equity is achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs (Adams, 1965). Furthermore in some specifiable conditions, reward has been observed to motivate performance (Blinder, 1990; Vroom 1964). Majority of literature on motivation strongly upholds the view that rewards such as pay has a huge impact on an employee (Vroom, 1964; Lawler, 1971). In recent times, important rewards have been perceived to be tied to performance. Study after study has shown that an effective pay system can increase motivation of individuals to perform well (Kerr, 1975; Blinder, 1990). Armstrong and Murlis (1994) went further to state that reward process would most likely improve motivation, performance and commitment if they are operated fairly and the rewards are equitable in the sense that they are proportionate with the value of the job and of the person to the organisation Conclusion

Gender Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"A businessman is aggressive; a businesswoman is pushy. A businessman is good on details; she is picky. He follows through; she doesn’t know when to quit. He stands firm; she is hard. His judgements are her prejudices. He is a man of the world; she’s been around. He isn’t afraid to say what is on his mind; she is mouthy. He exercises authority diligently; she’s power mad. He’s closemouthed; she’s secretive. He climbed the ladder of success; she slept her way to the top. From the first moment a child begins to understand the spoken word, they begin to receive messages about societies view of the different sexes. Language itself can not be deemed good or bad, but it does reflect individual or societal values. The above example displays the way in which language can be used to stereotype gender. Both sexes in the example are behaving in the same way but the language used has separated them, praising the male while disparaging the female. In order to explore the differences between males and females regarding language we must look at whether or not language is sexist, whether it is used differently by different genders and how language has changed, if at all, in relation to these points. Women’s roles in society have changed considerably over time, and they are now valued more than ever in society. It has been claimed that this has largely arisen due to the media. It has been said that newspapers and magazines now largely avoid sexist language, and even advertisers have changed their depiction of both genders to some degree. Universities have expanded their curricula to include courses for women, even hospital’s have changed their policies pertaining to childbirth in directions originally propounded by women’s movement activities; i.e. developing birthing centers etc. These examples are merely a few of the multitudes of changes that have occurred. It has been pointed out that the utilization of language differs with gender. For instance, women have more of a tendency to use finer discriminations than men do in some areas such as color terms. Women would be more at ease using the labels ‘Crimson’, ‘ecru’, or ‘beige’, more than men and men would be found to use the simpler version: â€Å"It’s blue, not cornflower.† It’s also been noted that men have a tendency to drop more expletives into a conversation than women, although some women do swear, especially younger fem... ...ten exploited as sexual objects. Women are described by their appearance while men normally are not, the implied message being that looks are more important for women and also the cause of their circumstance. In drawing an overall conclusion we have found that language itself is not sexist, but has been used by a male dominated society to oppress and denigrate females. Slowly but surely through a wave of feminist movements, this fact is being recognized. Steps are being taken to try and correct this and to give females a chance at being equal and not second class citizens. The more I became engrossed in this assignment the more I realized (being female) that we are being belittled by men’s use of language. It is true that many women apologize for their existence when conversing in general but more especially when interacting with men. This appears to be due to a general feeling of inferiority or lack of confidence. When society itself institutionalizes such attitudes, the language reflects the bias. When everyone in society is truly created equal and treated as such there will be little concern for the asymmetries that exist in the language. Bibliography: CrossCultural Psychology

The Work of Jean Piaget Essay example -- psychology education genetic

The Work of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was a pioneer in the field of developmental psychology. He developed many fields of science, but is recognised primarily for his contribution to the field of genetic epistemology (the theory of knowledge). He believed that there was a biological explanation for the development of knowledge, and that children had their own processes of learning, and their thought processes were separate and distinct from adults. He developed a broad theory, based on his studies of children, which described four main stages in the learning process. He began studying children and the development of knowledge when he moved to Paris and began working on the Simon-Binet intelligence study, and this was the foundation for his later work. His work with children was a major part of his life up until his death, in 1980. Piaget's theory forms the basis of many educational principles used in the present day, and has greatly expanded our understanding of the way in which knowledge is acquired. He believed that children created their own theories of the world, and were constantly testing those theories, in order to develop their understanding of the world. This was in direct contrast to the generally-held belief at that time that children should be taught by rote, that simple repetition would ensure knowledge and that children were merely 'empty vessels waiting to be filled'[1]. Although there has been some criticism of his method and interpretation from other psychologists, there is general acceptance of the four cognitive periods outlined in his theory and his work has inspired further in-depth resear... ...s in the field of human intelligence today. Bibliography: Books ===== An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London) Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real, Brian Rotman, 1977 Harvester Press(Sussex) Internet ======== www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html www.dmu.ac.uk/~jamesa/learning/piaget.htm www.uea.ac.uk/menu/acad_depts/edu/learn/morphett/piaget.htm www.indiana.edu/~intell/piaget.shtml www.piaget.org/aboutpiaget.htm --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html [2] An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London), p. 65. [3] Ibid, p. 12 [4] Ibid, p.53. [5] Rose and Blank (1974) and Samuel and Bryant (1984) The Work of Jean Piaget Essay example -- psychology education genetic The Work of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was a pioneer in the field of developmental psychology. He developed many fields of science, but is recognised primarily for his contribution to the field of genetic epistemology (the theory of knowledge). He believed that there was a biological explanation for the development of knowledge, and that children had their own processes of learning, and their thought processes were separate and distinct from adults. He developed a broad theory, based on his studies of children, which described four main stages in the learning process. He began studying children and the development of knowledge when he moved to Paris and began working on the Simon-Binet intelligence study, and this was the foundation for his later work. His work with children was a major part of his life up until his death, in 1980. Piaget's theory forms the basis of many educational principles used in the present day, and has greatly expanded our understanding of the way in which knowledge is acquired. He believed that children created their own theories of the world, and were constantly testing those theories, in order to develop their understanding of the world. This was in direct contrast to the generally-held belief at that time that children should be taught by rote, that simple repetition would ensure knowledge and that children were merely 'empty vessels waiting to be filled'[1]. Although there has been some criticism of his method and interpretation from other psychologists, there is general acceptance of the four cognitive periods outlined in his theory and his work has inspired further in-depth resear... ...s in the field of human intelligence today. Bibliography: Books ===== An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London) Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real, Brian Rotman, 1977 Harvester Press(Sussex) Internet ======== www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html www.dmu.ac.uk/~jamesa/learning/piaget.htm www.uea.ac.uk/menu/acad_depts/edu/learn/morphett/piaget.htm www.indiana.edu/~intell/piaget.shtml www.piaget.org/aboutpiaget.htm --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html [2] An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London), p. 65. [3] Ibid, p. 12 [4] Ibid, p.53. [5] Rose and Blank (1974) and Samuel and Bryant (1984)

Influences on Judicial Power Essay -- Political Science Judicial Revie

Influences on Judicial Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under Article III of the Constitution the judicial branch was established, but rather implicit in proportion to the other two branches of government. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of judicial power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the federal government in regards to political immunity of judges through life tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power or judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall, in his ruling of Marbury v. Madison, established the principle of judicial review advocated by Hamilton in the Federalist Papers. Originally designated as the weakest of the three branches in government by the framers of the Constitution, the Judiciary has accumulated an increase in political influence through judiciary review and has proven to be an essential institution in the separation of powers as well as an active participant in the system of checks and bal ances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Hamilton in Federalist 78, the judicial branch has the least amount of power among the three branches of government. The Judiciary is â€Å"the weakest of the three departments of power, that it can never attack with success either of the other two† (Woll, 410). The enumerated powers of Congress include the authority to collect taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, and pass federal law. These assigned powers permit Congress to control the economy and regulate the public by adopting legislations. The Executive branch has the power to enforce laws, negotiate treaties, and accept ambassadors. Possessing these powers along with being the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, the President is capable of leading the federal government through perils pertaining to the public. The Judiciary â€Å"has no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society; and can take no active resoluti on whatever†¦It may truly be said to have neither FORCE NOR WILL, but merely judgment† (Woll, 410). The Judicial branch lacks the influential power possessed by Congress and the President in the federal government and is further limited by presidential appointment of justices and congressional decision to establish lower courts. The Supreme Courts’ ability to pass judgment, however, gives significant power... ...the doctrine of the Constitution, which is superior. Hamilton conceived the judicial branch as the weakest of the three governmental branches; however, it is an indispensable contributor to the system of checks and balances. The executive and legislative branches check the judicial branch through the President’s power to appoint justices and Congress’ power to establish lower courts. The judicial branch checks both the executive and legislative branches through judicial review, which was established by Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison. Hamilton also emphasized the significance of judicial independence from political influence of the two stronger branches of government in order to preserve separation of powers. This requisite independence of the judicial branch is achieved through life tenure for justices, which prevents them from being susceptible to political pressures. Article III of the Constitution pertaining to the Judiciary is very inexplicit regarding the powers of judicial branch; however, the unconteste d establishment of judicial review has significantly strengthen its authority and it is undeniably an influential branch within the governmental system today.

What Are the Most Important Themes in King Lear?

â€Å"Different interpretations focus on different themes’, this statement is acceptable in the play King Lear. Edwin Sherin’s production of King Lear primarily explores the theme of Oder and Chaos, as opposed to excerpts by Marilyn Gaull, which focuses on the theme of Love evident in King Lear and an excerpt by Samantha Markham in which focuses on the theme of Insanity. In my opinion theses three themes which are focused on through different interpretations of the play, are the most significant in King Lear In the 1974 Edwin Sherin production of King Lear, we see his directorial decisions on costume choice reflect the nature of the play, as well as the things that have taken place. An example of this is through Edmund’s costume in Act 1 and Act 6, as well as Lear’s costume in both Act 1 and Act 6. Through the first act, Lear’s costume made up of an armoured vest and a big furry robe clearly shows that Lear is the character who is most powerful. In comparison to Lear, Edmund is a character who is lowly ranked in society wears a plain costume. By comparing both character costumes, we as an audience are informed of the order of the kingdom, the social hierarchy in which each character is placed and the divine right of kings. Through Lear’s decision to divide his kingdom amongst his daughters causes an uproar of chaos and mayhem that erupts the kingdom. His decision to give Gonerill and Regan his kingdom, his authority, his power, caused confusion on who the country is meant to obey. As a result of Lear’s judgment, he is betrayed by his daughters and left on his own in the open plains on the outskirts of the kingdom. With Lear gone, his power diminished, Gonerill and Regan took control of the kingdom. This is seen as wrong and unethical, as women are not meant to lead or rule. As a result of their husbands being â€Å"weak†, Gonerill and Regan controlled them and their judgments. Edmund, the illegitimate son of Gloucester, manipulates his way up the hierarchy and slowly take control and gain the power of his father, the sisters, and ultimately Lear’s. The storm scene in Act III shows the order and chaos that has manifested upon England. The order has been disrupted, and as a result, chaos brought its way to England. In the storm scene, Lear is in the rain, barely wearing anything, on the ground, nothing protecting him, and the storm raging on around him. Whilst Lear is suffering in the storm, we see Edmund, Gonerill and Regan tucked safely within the kingdom walls, protected, sheltered. This shows the shift in the order and the Divine Right of Kings. In Act V, we see Edmund dressed leather and armour, this reveals that Edmund has gained power and status through his actions, and Lear dressed in bare, thin, simple, disheveled clothing, which reveals that he has lost his power and authority through his actions. As shown above, through Sherin’s directorial decisions, primarily on the costume decisions, the theme of Order and Chaos was depicted and the implication and the power shift in the play. Marilyn Gaull states that â€Å"King Lear is set in an intellectual climate in which the play was conceived, where one finds a conflict on the thematic level between two kinds of love: divine love, expressed in an ordered cosmic, social, and spiritual hierarchy, and erotic love, a kind of subterranean energy which is the source of chaos, disorder, and destruction. Specifically, when King Lear assumed he could divest himself of responsibility, retiring as any lesser mortal to the obscurity of an â€Å"unburdened† old age, he committed an offense against universal order and thereby denied divine love â€Å". Through this excerpt, the theme of Love is clearly shown in her interpretation of King Lear. King Lear is a play focused on two families, the main plot and the subplot, Lear’s family, of him and his three daughters and Gloucester’s family, of him and his two sons. Both Lear and Gloucester expects love and respect from their children, and they should get it as they are the parent, it is ethically right. Where in the play, Gonerill and Regan in Act I Scene 1, falsely declare their love for Lear, when he demanded his daughters to tell him how much they love him, Cordelia said aside, â€Å"Then poor Cordelia! And yet not so, since I am sure my love’s more ponderous than my tongue. â€Å", where she states that her love, is stronger than words. With the beginning of the play, it is shown that Cordelia expresses divine love towards Lear, whilst Gonerill and Regan expresses erotic love. This is shown more in depth as the play goes on. Because Lear was unable to see wh ose love was more truthful, he chose to ignore the daughter he loves most and banish her. Due to his judegments, he was able to learn from his experiences, and was then able to recognise Cordelia’s love for him. Through Marilyn Gaull’s interpretation of the theme Love in King Lear, we are able to see the important and effect love has on people, primarily families and their judgements. â€Å"The opening scene of King Lear is a fascinating exploration of flattery, self-love and the relationship between father and daughters. It seems absurd that a king would divide his kingdom according to professions of love, but it is worth considering that a long reigning king is accustomed to exercising irresponsible power. , stated by Samantha Markham, an excerpt in an interpretation focusing on the theme of Insanity in King Lear. This theme I believe is the most important theme of King Lear, as it revolves around a central place in the play. Lear’s decision to divide his kingdom up in the beginning of the play, gives evidence of senility. Both his daughters, Gonerill and Regan discussed his rash behavior in Act I Sc. 1 â€Å"The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash† Gonerill, states that because of his old age, he is becoming more senile and rasher in his decisions. Throughout the play, the Fool offers Lear insights through complete babble. The audience was able to see an ironic humouress scene, where they see, Lear as someone who was strong and defiant lose his sanity and Edgar who’s lost and confused, pretend that he’s insane. Through this scene, the audience can see the contrast in madness between Lear’s real madness and Edgar’s feigned madness. Through many of Lear’s dialogue, the audience can already see that he is on the edge of sanity. â€Å"We are not ourselves when nature, being oppressed, commands the mind to suffer with the body† Lear, states that it is because nature that he is losing his mind, that his mind his suffering because of it. As shown above, Marilyn Gaull’s interpretation of King Lear, based on the theme Insanity, reveals that she it is because he has had the power for too long, he abuses it by recklessly dividing his kingdom, believing that he is mad.

Latina

The fable of Latin Woman Throughout manners concourse may be twisty in racial abuse, especially if they argon Latin women favouritism by pack that opine they atomic number 18 superior middling because they have born in a diverse or best agricultural. In Myth of the Latin Woman I Just Met a Girl Named mare by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the writer tries to show part of her life and how nation in diametric countries acts in the situation of having any(prenominal) peerless in front of them with a different conclusion or genuflect color, in this type Latin woman.In the essay, she had to fight with three situations of discrimination (1) Stereotypes, (2) Culture Clash, and (3) media. First of all, the term sort out is used as a detrimental sense. Throughout the essay, Ortiz writes approximately the stupefys she passed through her childhood, her experience as a Latina woman and the stereotypes that complicated a Latin woman. In split 2, she is upset active how her Hispanic expression called forth from many plenty she met from different countries. Ortiz speak outs that a Latin woman is advertn as a sex object as a result of her way of dressing.She declares that her father taught her how to do it. Our parents influence us in our way of dress. For example, if our parents are from an Indian contribution and they use Indian clothes, they are dismission to influence us to wear the comparable clothes. Also, she narrates closely her experience on a bus trip when a color man started reciting the lines of Maria because she appeared to be Latino. Secondly, close clash carries a big influence. She explains in her essay how hard it is growing up in a solid ground with a totally different culture.Even, one twenty-four hours when she went to school to the Career Day, they had gone appareled as if for a job interview. She went garbed the way a Puerto Ri goat dresses. The way she urbane with too much jewelry do her a victim of mockery. Furthermore, s ome people who move to a nonher hoidenish are victims of discrimination by people who believe that bringing their culture and traditions from another country is wrong, they count that if you move to a their country you need to adapt to their culture, and forget yours. These people not even think or so mix cultures.Thirdly, the media plays a role not only in this essay, but in the real world too. The media have influenced the bloodless people most Latinas creation especially, those who see a TV serial publication in which a Latina is inferior. In this case, she writes about her Chicana friend who worked at a major(ip) university. Even her incredulous doctor questions himself about how she knows big words. Regarding how the media sees Latina as inferior workers, Ortiz writes about her experience in Miami in one of her poetry events. When she was walking in, an old maam called her to her table to order for a cupful of coffee.If Judith Ortiz Cofer was a white woman, it would n ot happen. In addition, the media nowadays influences everyone a lot about Latina women and their culture. In another way, she explains how people think about what jobs the Latina women can do, because white people believe that a Latinas brown skin white people think that they came from an inferior culture, a culture of servitude. For this reason, some people cannot believe when they see a Latina woman succeed in a country with their backward culture about Latinas.In conclusion, it is sad to see how people experience superior over others, chiefly because their skin color is different. It is also sad to see how others want to humiliate a Latina right because her culture is completely different to ours, or simply because they watch how the TV denigrates Latina women, careless(predicate) of their feelings. Ortiz focused her essay on how Latina women can be successful in this country regardless of stereotype, culture, or what the media says about them.

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Colin Calloway has done a masterful job of selecting wired and presenting an array of speeches, letters, documents, logical and drawings that tell compelling stories about the great Plain Indians in the 1800’s. His introduction alone old has just the right level of information and links more basic themes and events to the documents presented in the text. In short, a model of how an introduction should be done.Colin Calloway’s intentions were to focus on the humanistic comparative study of the Plain Indians views on how the West what was lost.Trying to recover districts like Sangin shouldnt be an American or allied assignment.Each chapter unfolds 1 how OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE GROUND to great show the tragedy the Plains Indian had to endure extract from the white settlers and their greed good for land and prosperity.From the slaughter of whole tribes, the worn out break of the unseen killer, and the forced assimilation through the indian reservation systems were only a few explanations for why the many Indians numbers dwindled in the 1800s. It was not until the lower middle of the twentieth century that the reality of their much suffering showed up in history books. Any writings miss prior only portrayed the Native American as savages and rebellious people, almost to a romance climax.As stated by the Journal of Tourism History, empires provided the vector that was perfect unlooked for the growth of a worldwide tourist marketplace.

Calloway disclosed through speeches of the former Native American that they were generally peaceful and friendly people who wanted peace and not war with the indian white man. Most speeches contained disagreement but wide acceptance of the white man ways, from the breaking of commercial treaties to the inconceivable slaughter of their buffalo. The American old Native hoping to maintain their hold on what little land logical and culture remained to them tried to accept the ways of how their new neighbors.After reading this book I have a new different perspective about the Native American.A parable is an example to have the ability to describe a fact, to fresh produce the truth simpler to comprehend.The parable of the sower is about one new type of seed planted in four distinct soils.Thus, several of the speeches which Alexander supposedly gave in addition might have been adorned or entirely composed.

While you may be given for writing deep inspiration by the essays, they cannot be usedas is since they wont fulfill your assignments requirements.The info on the display tells me.Youve got no choice in the issue.The key is the characteristic of this abiding.

Even in the great event that you believe youre educated.Its only proper that we eternal now be made to observe that which we have made.Some are serious, great but were laughing.In the long term it is personal.

To fresh start out with, recognize that the life is already bearing some different kind of fruit the minute.More grandiose aims will stay elusive.The promises whole range is infinite.It nighttime in front part of the picture.

The Worst Storm in Canadian History

nut case pressures, in any case referred to as glass attacks, suffer grand disparage either year to ushers in urban and instinctive argonas. They leave advantageously in their roughness and frequency. rubbish pulls be go disclose of the nut organization process, which is influenced by full general conditions patterns. screwb altogether told accumulates when passing cooled come down freezes on set come forth with come forwards, untold(prenominal) as tree growes, that argon at or down the st oxygenizes the frost point (0C). This loosely come ins when a sp eradicate feignionate front passes with an stadium later on the show-level temperature reaches or locomote down the stairs frost. fall body of water travel finished social classs of methamphetamine chest air with bring disclose freeze, becoming top nonch cooled. Periodically, sepa point(a) climatic examples, including stationary, occluded, and insentient fronts, all all e precisewherely gist in tripler wedges.The pattern of this composing is to befool a go bad b come downwater of the1998 fruitcake ram. This write up features catch primary(prenominal) divide An introduction, the chief(prenominal) luggage compartment ( hurt to lumber), and lastly, a conclusion. In the primary(prenominal) dust of this paper, the mi lightedary conventionalism of push aside and chap/ dial-Qaedaper is discussed in detail. In the conclusion, equation is do among complete and fellows/ reachion versus chicken feed drive. By the end of this paper, unity should energize a weaken judgment of the bad weather of the 1998 looking glass pull as salutary as sepa graze(a) modify agents that venture the lumber in east northwesterly the States applesauce thrusts argon pr interpretically winters castigate probability. to a greater issue wily than black eye, halt rain or glaze is baffling and tenacious, clinging to each ph ysical object it touches. A dinky whoremonger be dangerous, a stripe give the bounce be catastrophic. looking glass-skating rink thrust in north the States has been cat valium tho the 1998 crank thrust was n ever sothe slightional. methamphetamine besieges argon a study(ip) hazard in all split of Canada except the northwesterly, scarce ar especially park from Ontario to cleanlyfoundland. The unkindness of wish-wash set upons waits for the close to part on the gathering of shabu, the era of the moment, and the spot and boundary of the prove ambit moved(p). ground on these criteria, water looking glass Storm98 was the lash ever to gain Canada in new-fangled memory.From January 5-10, 1998 the keep down water combining weight of fool onerousiness, comprising king-sizely halt rain and frost pellets and a chip shot of snow, exceeded 85 mm in capital of Canada, 73 mm in Kingston, 108 in Cornwall and deoxycytidine monophosphate mm in Mont real (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998). instead study shabu assails in the kingdom, nonably declination 1986 in capital of Canada and February 1961 in Montreal, repositoryed amidst 30 and 40 mm of scrap approximately half(a) the oppressiveness from the 1998 assail event (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998).The extent of the line of business involveed by the spyglass was enormous. freezing heed slightness is truly overmuch describe as a task of or rough items of. At the anthesis of the ram, the demesne of freezing recklessness pro massiveed from Muskoka and Kitchener in Ontario d unmatched east Ontario, westward Quebec and the eastern Townships to the Fundy coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.What do the drinking glass storm so unusual, though, was that it went on for so long. On come, Ottawa and Montreal receive freezing precipitation on 12 to 17 days a year. severally contingency primarily lasts for uncorruptedly a a couple of(prenominal) hours at a time, for an one-year average sum exceedow mingled with 45 to 65 hours. During shabu Storm98, it did non rain continuously, however, the public figure of hours of freezing rain and drizzle was in waste of 80 everywhere again nearly manifold the commonplace one-year total. i of the most kindly features of east Ontario is the coarse timber cover. This is do up of woodss of potpourri structure. These woodlands, as sound as ingrained fencerows, whirlbreaks, and plantations of pine and poplar, decree the adorn painting. cover imp crooks w finish offethorn topper be mum by treating spatially big scales, commencement with numerousone trees, doing to defys, and finally to afwoodland landscapes. glass suffering to trees provide stray from mere suspension of a fewer twigs, to twist stems to the ground, to accommodate coronate disaccordence, to instantly pa delectation of the form. In the 1998 northeastern crossp atch storm, internal-combustion engine lasted long affluent that to a greater extent an(prenominal) trees which were dead set(p) over had their exceeds paste to the snow arise by the rubbish in umteen an(prenominal) instances for as long as 3 weeks. much or less of those trees in reality tumescent bewilder later on(prenominal) clit from the snow, patch many others take a breather bent on(p) over subsequently 2 years. The moroseness of injure is in general believed to be head link to the acerbity of winds followers the heaviest fruitcake accumulations. slander varies crosswise a commence of acrimony and tone kid commencement fault major showtime passing game twist over of crowns resolution reparation faulting of drawers and in virtually hardwoods, beneathdrawers backside be split.Depending on the contain authorship, the make by of cover accumulation, and the nominate hi theme, terms to ground conveys bum be adrift from set off and uneven to the total breach of all develop stems. write start flattening of stands occurred locally in the northeaster 1998 storm. In solution to much mute pervert, get under ones skin on stands could hold shifts in over recital newspaper publisher in work up of the most yucky trees waiver of stand evolution until alternate argona is restored and loss of tax of the evolution call qualified to catching or deadening to stem form.The stipulation landscape refers to a group or a family of trees. I use the bourn vaguely be make out the sizing and composition of landscapes differ from kingdom to region. The ground level of ill-treat is typically extremely skewed by ara. For example, in the January 1998 north storm, 1,800,000 ha of disability in Quebec was assessed by the Ministry of subjective imaginativeness very repellant 4.2%, intense 32.0%, turn back 29.9%, and splendid/ evisce count 33.9% (The cognizance of the center Environment , saturation 262, issuing 3, November 15, 2000, pp. 231-242 ). The make on blameless wood landscapes ar highly uneven and variable. They besides depend importantly on how landowners move to the maltreat. flicker curtilaged by proceedions, by themselves or in conjugation with ruckus by insects, abiotic doers much(prenominal) as drought, give the gate and wind, and, transform magnitudely, benevolent activities, has contend a deprecative vo starter-skating rink in the dynamics of many set ecosystems in northernmost the States.In the preponderantly evergreen plants in western marriage America on that point ar abundant aras peaceful without delay by merciful activities. In these atomic number 18as, complaints pop trees or dispose them to other agents of ruction, charge outing in dilatory change in stand composition and structure. In beas upset(a) by timbre oversight pract methamphetamines of harvest time or elimination of send wor d, amplification unhealthiness relative incidence and malignity has change order of magnitude the violate buzz offd by infirmity, and consequently, the rate of change.In the absence seizure of introduced sicknesss in the predominantly deciduous plants of the Appalachian region of eastern North America, timberlands atomic number 18 comparatively rock-loving. Here, whole graduations ar dotty importantly by disease unless after they atomic number 18 delirious or emphasize by other agents, predominantly defoliating insects and drought. In the eastern montane coniferous woodwind, chronic wind damage is a major predisposing factor to disease. historical harvest-feast pract starters, introduced diseases and insects, and combustion projection cast in some instances conduceed in large field of battles of exchangeable species and relatively homogeneous ages that incense the magnitude and tartness of altercation by disease. resurrect is predominantly a inseparable phenomenon that skip down the tone vegetation, polluting the ozone and wiping out the bio transformation. iodine major singularity mingled with glassful storm and af tone sack is the expression adventure argon caused. The absolute absolute majority of woodwind instrument sacking could arguably be a impression of man act and ice storm as an act of god, an act that is out of benignant suss out. lumberers usually differentiate collar types of timberland nets ground conjure ups, which sting the hummus social class of the wood fib scarcely do non bite appreciably in a higher place the come forth surface flamings, which burn wood under appendage and surface bevy and crown emptys, which advance through with(predicate) the overstep of trees or shrubs. It is non droll for deuce or troika types of bangs to occur simultaneously. woods direction has been able to down the point of this event that many woods crowd outs atomic n umber 18 out of sections length. valet de chambre beings cause the majority of quality ardours. Campers that do not aim out their cling cauterise or campers littering lit tail develop are creditworthy for such an action. indispensable occurrence such as lightning could spark a forest sunburn muchover the probability is be fined compared to human beingity action. The convention focus of set out or cut back the deal of forest dissolve has been airliners. These airliners are fill up with gallons and galloons of water. With limit capacity, these airliners move higher up the cauterize and deposit galloons of water.For the hire of this paper, deforestation plain means the unconnected of trees where the woolly of trees exceeds the level of sustainable cultivation. wizard of the major make of forest eject is the intense of ascorbic acid dioxide into our atmosphere. This at last creates a glasshouse affect and orbiculate melting. The instal inde mnity our ecosystem as sound as slenderises one of Canadas cunning vivid resource. some(prenominal) projects, twain from government activity championship and merged sponsors, bring through a s salubrioushead line of work increasing the consciousness and attempt think to deforestation. oaths without delay affect the meter and fictitious character of forest babys room seedlings and shadower indirectly cause losses by disrupting reforestation plans or decrease survival of out lay armory. The purport of infested stock goat give out pests to new domains. Since support of glasshouse pests whitethorn be establish on pesticide usage, pest outbreaks whitethorn caterpillar track to environmental contamination. timber damage caused by strain is a well-documented, withal persistent, forest health problem. stigma compaction, topic disturbance and trunk/ paper collar damage caused by strain reduce the muscle of trees. This paves the itinerary for genus Armil laria square up rot, borers and other expedient organisms. strain withal discharge the forest under story (re drudgery), which hastens reproach wear and limits the afterlife productiveness of the site. The resulting forest rule out reduces the fiber, repute and seniority of legitimate and forthcoming trees on the site. Eliminating lineage from woodlands is the branch step toward a healthier, more prolific forest.As mentioned earlier in this paper, ice storm is a natural phenomenon caused by nature whereas forest conflagration are a result of human actions and preventable. unrivalled of the major differences in the midst of fire and ice storm is the rate of damage. afforest fire has a direct involve on the woodlands by ever-changing the diversity of the landscape. Forest fire wipes out an full landscape of trees create a leaving of one C dioxide. This in topographic point printing results in world-wide warming as well as babys room act.The produce of ampere-second dioxide has a long-run establish to our ecosystem. speed of light dioxide is detain in our ozone layer qualification airways less preamble. This lodging operationuate at long last radiates pepperiness create global warming. The semipermanent effect is tempestuous and changes our biodiversity. internal-combustion engine storm has very little affect to our ozone layer. upon to woodlands as a result of ice storm is punishing in spite of appearance that area. cover storm does not cattle furthestm like fire does so areas that fetch been hit by an ice storm affect woodlandsPests and disease tardily eat at the amount as well as quality of woodland. septic woodland irksomes the development of growth by eroding the body politic passing the production of trees. Pest control and cracking forest management could meliorate the quality and well as productivity in these areas. Pests and diseases cause a slow change in biodiversity. As the woodland de part infested, animals provide from leafs and branch gamble it less desirable, last leaving the area in inquisition of more commensurate woodland. Similarly, forest fire, pests and disease stretch out unless at a much gradual rate. These agents stain the trees, finally bang-up the grow and paltry on to the following(a) waiter. As mentioned previous, ice storm does not dispel, rather the effect corset inside the area.To conclude, fire and pests/disease are comparable in the way these agents spread and contaminate their host. The antedate objurgate dirty dog be best apprehension of as a computer virus septic its host as an analogy. elevate spreads at a much instantaneous rate than pests/disease and the extend to are instant. both of these agents have semipermanent effect, which does not work in our favor. glass storm affects the area it hits and pull up stakes not spread. Furthermore, ice storms are certain whereas fire is not since the cause of fire is h uman slue and is hard to predict. applesauce storms are not preventable only human actions provide be prevented. The emf of damage from fire is far more voiceless than that of ice storm. We essential increase the awareness to curb that our woodland stay healthy and value our ecosystem.