Facial Recognition Biometrics Essay

Traditional personal identification and authentication methods always have the danger of being stolen, duplicated or forgotten. Hence, biometrics was introduced as an identification and authentication technology, where physical features would be used for recognizing a person. This technology uses many features for unique identification like fingerprints, face, irises and voice. Fingerprints are by far the most popular techniques used for i8dentification, because of their traditional use in forensics. However, face recognition is considered to be the more direct, friendly and convenient method for identification as compared to fingerprint identification. This has made face recognition system as the second most widely used biometric technology after fingerprinting with a projected revenue of $429 million in 2007, according to Raicu & Strandburg (2005). This growth in the use of this technology is attributed to the sharp rise in the number of digital cameras and camcorders and inconsequence surveillance cameras. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this technology, explain its basic principle, look into the limitations of the technology and the research work being done in this field. Face Recognition Face recognition consists of two steps: face detection and location; features extraction and face recognition. Figure below shows a flowchart of the face recognition system: Fig -1 Flow chart of a basic face recognition system (Zhang, 2000) Face Detection and Location – This step checks if the given image or image sequence includes faces. It yes, then it locates the position of the faces and segments each face from the background Features extraction and face recognition – This step checks the various features that distinguish different individuals. It figures whether the people in the image are the given person or if he / she are in the database. Needless to say, the face recognition system depends upon the input of the system. The importance of the input and picture background is explained by Zhang (2000) by giving the following example. The picture taken during log in on a system and passing custom are controlled. That is to say the background is uniform for the images or image sequences. The pose, orientation etc is also known and well controlled. This makes the process of face recognition is accurate and faster. However, in case of an input environment which is universal for all situations, there might be number of faces and also a complex background. The location of the face and its size is not known, the illumination on the different faces in a picture is different and their expressions might be different too. In such cases, the face detection and location is difficult. Face recognition can be made difficult due to different expressions, orientations and age, making the process of feature extraction and face recognition all the more difficult (Zhang, 2000) One important parameter in the evaluation of a face-processing system is the performance evaluation. The basic measurement parameters are the same as that for pattern recognition system FA i. e. false acceptance or false positive and FR i. e. false rejection or false negative. As in case of a pattern recognition system, an ideal face-recognition system should have very low scores of FA and FR, but a practical system usually makes trade-offs between these two factors. History of Face Processing Systems Development According to Zhao & Chellappa (2006), the earliest work on face recognition can be traced to the early 1950s in psychology and 1960s in engineering literature. However, the research on automatic machine recognition of faces started in 1970s after the work of Kanade and Kelly. For over 30 years extensive research has been conducted on various aspects of face recognition by humans and machines. During early and mid 1970s typical pattern-classification techniques using measured attribute of features for instance the distances between important points in faces or profiles were used. In 1980s, the work in this field remained largely dormant. The interest in this field was renewed in 1990s due to an increase in commercial opportunities, availability of real-time hardware and emergence of surveillance related applications. During this time the research was focused on how to make the face-recognition systems fully automatic by tackling various underlying problems like localization of a face in a given image or a video clip and extraction of features such as eyes, mouth etc (Zhao & Chellappa, 2006) Applications of Face processing The applications of face processing vary, leading to different features extraction and face recognition. For instance, one application is the face verification, which means that the person is who he claims to be. This is used in places like banks for identity confirmation. Another application is to check if the person exists in the database and if yes than which one. This is known as face recognition and used in surveillance systems in offices. A variation of this is when we wish to have a list of candidates with a specific set of specified features. This is used in the police department (Zhang, 2000) The table below gives some applications of face processing including detection and tracking, recognition of identity and expressions, and also personalized realistic rendering (Zhao & Chellappa, 2006).

Restaurant Observation Essay Essay

When given the task of finding a restaurant that has an open kitchen a restaurant that comes to my mind was the Harut’s restaurant. I want to write about the exterior of the restaurant, dining area, and kitchen stuff and area. The exterior of the restaurant was not good .The restaurant located behind a gas station. The smell of the gas was terrible. The parking lot littered with trash and most of it seemed to be wrappers from the Subway in the next door. In addition, there was a burrito wrapper from Harut’s and drink napkins from the bar. The parking lot was well lit with no bulbs out of commission. The landscaping left much to be desired. At first glance, this particular Harut’s has no curbside appeal. The parking lot leads right onto the sidewalk. The signage was appropriate in the fact that is has the name of the restaurant on it, but not appropriate in the fact that it’s too high and the first time I went there I didn’t even know where I was goi ng. The signage was also very hazy. Dining area was also bad. Upon entrance of the restaurant, I noticed that the garbage was overflowing. The floor of the established was dirty. The area where their â€Å"condiments† are stores was disgustingly un-kept. It was a four-tray temperature storage unit. It contained vegetables, green and red salsa and some more. Contents from each tray were cross contaminating the other trays because in order to get the desired condiment you have to reach under an awkward sneeze guard. Kitchen staff and area. I walked to the register to make my order and where the men using the cash register with his bare hands took my card and swiped it through the machine. Immediately after that, he went to the refrigerator and with his shiny hands began to stretch and pull out something. Many things here made me quite nauseous. The fact that he had something disgusting all over; his hands touched my personal belongings with those hands then began to rub them all over my food. Behind the glass wall that I was, watching from me noticed some of the most horrifying food handling practice that I will most likely ever see again. Refrigerator and freezer doors left continually open. I saw no sanitation cleaning tools so I am not sure how they were cleaning their hands or their utensils. During the course of my meal, none of the employees went to wash their hands.

Theory of Knowledge for the IB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory of Knowledge for the IB - Essay Example The second definition goes beyond the original reason for the invention of machines. Instead of just aiding us in our daily tasks by being "extensions" of our bodies in performing their tasks, machines, especially since the time when a machine called computers are invented, become performers of tasks independently of its user. As long as its actions are programmed in such a way that it can now perform tasks without the presence or the real-time control of humans. They have become very sophisticated that they can surpass what we can do. Mechanical cranes can lift manifold times the maximum weight that the strongest living human can. Assembly line robots can accomplish a task way beyond a team of fastest human workers of that particular job. And, in 1997, a supercomputer named Deep Blue defeated the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. The power of machines exponentially increases our capacity to produce goods and services. It is understandable that they can outshine our mechanical abilities. But in terms of our mental faculties, machines such as Deep Blue has been programmed to outsmart our rational faculties. This presents a question that we are to resolve in this paper. Can a machine know Before going further, we must first define what the verb "to know" means. In English this word has several definitions. In the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition) " know" has eight definitions: "1. To perceive directly; grasp in the mind with clarity or certainty. 2. To regard as true beyond doubt. 3. To have a practical understanding of, as through experience; be skilled in 4. To have fixed in the mind: 5. To have experience of: 6a. To perceive as familiar; recognize: b. To be acquainted with: 7. To be able to distinguish; recognize as distinct: knows right from wrong. 8. To discern the character or nature of:" The definitions above give us different aspects of the word "know." By these we can say that "knowing" something starts when we perceive a thing by our senses, processing this acquired information to a point that we become acquainted with those things and ends up with the capability of the "knowing" person to distinctly distinguish or recognize that thing from others. The emergence of the Information Age has introduced machines that can "think" independently. They, such as supercomputers, can grasp and process data at astounding speeds. In a fraction of a second, they can perform mathematical operations that a human can do in hours or even years. With this capacity, they can really perform rational activities, at least to a certain extent. But can we say that this supercomputer's ability to process data is already an act of knowing given the definition of "know" above For me, I believe that machines cannot fully know. They may perform mental tasks of humans with rapidity and precision way above that of humans. But still they cannot totally know things as per defined by dictionaries. If we use the definitions above, they fall short of thoroughly knowing something. To prove this, let us consider the first definition "To perceive directly, grasp in the mind with clarity or certainty." Computers are designed to perceive and grasp data to help us in our tasks. Word processing programs, for example, are created for us to write a letters and other documents in a precise and neat manner. It can receive data coming

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 96

Discussion - Essay Example Further, the author provides 7 strategic ways of ensuring professional leadership by maintaining a balanced EQ. These range from developing healthy escapism to preemptive measures in a bid to avoid indecision as a result of emotional instability. While Mulqueen concurs to psychological factors that catalyze emotional aggression and consequent indecisiveness, he maintains that these triggers can be well countered and resolved. His main remedy is to distract the mind from anger by focusing on situations that detract the escalating tension away (Mulqueen). In this feature, Frank Kalman discusses the benefits of planning ahead despite the uncertainties typical to the future. In his submissions, Kalman explains how one can come up with an educated guess by realistically considering each determinant factor. Whereas even the most informed predictions fail occasionally, having a good plan is far much wiser an initiative than lacking plans at all. As Kalman asserts, even senior leaders fail on their predictions from time to time and therefore do not expect their subordinates to make perfect predictions. All that is required is a well researched plan to ensure an organization maintains its focus on success (Kalman). The CLO Media.com is an essential resource centre for all business persons. Besides orienting its users on matters business and empowering many to make smart decisions, the site also features updated business news from around the world. The site’s subscribers enjoy free learning materials such as magazines, which provide detailed reports and articles including those cited in this essay. Another consumer benefit for CLO Media users is that article writers are usually experts in the fields they contribute

Service sector expectation and experience of service quality, branding Essay

Service sector expectation and experience of service quality, branding and loyalty in a customer perspective - Essay Example The paper tells that the service sector organisations are required to be focused on providing services and/or products based on the needs of the customers. The culture as well as the operations of service organisations is often identified to be customer-centred. Contextually, Sachdev & Verma stated that service organisations are much inclined towards developing service quality, brand image and customer loyalty with the intention of meeting the preferences of the customers and gain their satisfaction at the utmost level. Presently, customer satisfaction is recognised as an important consideration for a business corporation to conduct its respective business operations competitively and successfully. In the present competitive market scenario, service quality, branding along with loyalty play an imperative role towards assisting organisations in attaining greater success and profitability. According to Beneke & et. al. and Abd-El-Salam & et. al., the service sector is required to condu ct their operations based on which products and/or services are provided to customers in accordance with their expectations. In this regard, service sector related business organisations are focused intensely towards gaining superior customer satisfaction as an ultimate objective of developing competitiveness in the worldwide business market segments. In this similar concern, Agbor & Eriksson stated that level of profit margin and market share of any service sector related organisation raises or lessens are based on the concept of customer satisfaction.

Bribery and Corruption in relation to International Business Research Paper

Bribery and Corruption in relation to International Business - Research Paper Example This is because bribery and corruption imposes large costs on conducting business, misallocates a nation’s resource, undermines the efficiency of a market and it also distorts competition. Bribery encourages unethical practices, erodes the public trust on their leaders, undermines significant development projects and slows down the economic growth of developing nations (Tanzi 20). Bribery becomes defined as the practice of giving something, usually money, to influence an individual in the execution of his/ her duties. Bribes are not only in the form of money, but also other advantages such as offering to pay for someone his/ her travel costs. Bribery also involves a business firm from one country giving financial or non financial benefits to officials or executives of other countries to gain a commercial benefit. Corruption, on the other hand it gets defined as the use of the public office for personal gain (Montagnon 13). The ever increasing growth in investment and the inter national trade in a number of the past decades have become accompanied by an increase in corruption and bribery. According to the World Bank, it has become estimated that nearly 5 percent of exports to the developing nations goes to the corrupt officials. It gets shown that nearly over a trillion dollars get paid as bribes each year (Cohen 24). Bribery is costly to the nations where it is prevalent. According to surveys done, money lost to bribery and corruption is the biggest potential source of funding available to a number of new democratic governments aside from direct foreign investment. Tackling the issue of bribery can lead to an increase in the national income and stimulate the economic growth, which in turn will lead to improvements in the quality of life. A reason for the rapid growth in corruption in the global market is due to the privatization of public enterprises globally. This has become accelerated by governments and the western creditors, and executed in a way that allows the multinational companies operate with impunity. These multinationals get supported by their governments and their respective agencies that give them room to participate in the practices at a vast scale. Most governments and the donor agencies like the International Monetary Fund create anti poverty and proper governance agendas, but what they do send different messages about where their priorities lay. Stern action against corruption and bribery has to include sanctions by developing countries against these multinationals that engage in these mal practices. Effective political transparency to disengage the room under which corruption exists (Montagnon 33). To these multinationals, bribery and corruption ensures they get contracts which they could not have succeeded in getting, or to do so in clear terms. Annually, these multinationals pay large sums of money in bribes to get a friend and to influence contracts. These bribes become estimated to be 80 billion US dollars (Co ok 26). This is the same amount UN estimates to be able to eradicate poverty in developing countries. The US Commerce Department provided the report that in the 5years preceding 1999 bribery was a serious issue in commercial contracts that were worth US $145 billion. In the 1996 issue of the magazine World Business, it got reported that bribes amounting to $ 3 billion got paid by the German companies. The French secret service report showed that nearly $2

Communication in International Management - 3 Essay

Communication in International Management - 3 - Essay Example In Germany, the government-owned postal service, Deutsche Post World Net, gradually utilises English as its official language. Much smaller firms are doing the same. The elevator maker, in Finland, known as Kone, assumed English in the 70s; Merloni Elettrodomestici, a midsized home appliance producer, in Italy, did so in the mid-90s (Blommaert, 2010). Management meetings at big banks like Credit Suisse in Switzerland, as well as Deutsche Bank, in Germany, are normally in English. Whereas there are many reasons why English has spread so fast globally and within Europe, a majority of these reasons are found on what critics term as econcultural grounds, that is, they are the consequence of the development of a world market, as well as global development in the fields of culture, science and technology and the media (Blommaert, 2010). A number of languages have been utilised all across the world as contact lingos for global trade and communication. In Europe itself, there have been a num ber of lingua francas as from the Roman times such as Greek, French, Latin, English and German. English, German and French are still widely used in parts of Europe and constitute what scholars refer to as the big languages of Europe (Tietze, 2008). For sure, in its strictest sense, the phrase ‘lingua franca’ appears to be compared to a pidgin in that it is a language with no native speakers. The phrase, English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), is mainly applied in this manner exclusively to refer the use of English between people whose mother tongue is not English. Scholars have added ‘B’ to ELF when it comes to using English in business contexts – Business English Lingua France (BELF) (Tietze, 2008). On to the thesis, this paper focuses on question 3, â€Å"implications of using English as a business lingua franca for businesses and native, as well as non-native English speakers.† The use of English The complication of the application of English, as a mother tongue, international language in non-English speaking parts of the world and also as a second language, has been acknowledged by Blommaert (2010), Brannen (2004) and Joseph (2004) and suggestions for transforming Crystal’s (2003) concentric circles structure of world English use to contain this complication have been proposed by Seidlhofer (2005) and more lately by Blommaert (2010) to consider the various, active roles of English in diverse parts of the world. For example, Tietze (2008) argues that in Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, even though English is not the official language, it serves a number of commercial, social, educational and traditional functions, which rationalise classifying these nations as belonging to both Braj Kachru’s ‘outer’ and ‘expanding’ circles. It could likewise be claimed that Denmark and Sweden could gradually be seen as spanning these circles. In addition, the latest succession of 10 more natio ns to the European Union, in 2004, increased the nations in the ‘expanding circle’. This mobility of Europe’s borders and individuals within them, coupled with rising chances for regional trade, adds to the difficulty of language use across Europe and, without a doubt, provokes the development of a global language or languages. Global firms and international business commerce mainly imply a main need for individuals to converse across the globe, at least at a universally written and verbal level (Seidlhofer, 2005). Multilingual communication and translation are vital, but

To Be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

To Be Determined - Essay Example The Shoemaker’s Holiday is a story where the author paints a picture of London, the prevailing customs and trades. The story portrays a note of optimism throughout and incorporates essentially two stories – the story of Rose and Lacy on one hand and that of Jane and Ralph on the other. He shows how love can win over money. The story shows some dreams coming true after overcoming all the obstacles. The shoemaker’s Holiday not only projects the theme of love but also relates how people fight against poverty in order to meet their love. Lacy, a spendthrift nephew of the Earl of Lincoln is in love with Rose, the daughter of Sir Roger Oatley, the lord mayor of London. However both their guardians are against their marriage and plan to send Lacy away to war against France in order to separate them. Lacy decides to escape this and disguises himself as a shoemaker in order to find his love Rose. He spends all the money given to him by the Earl and sends his cousin Askew with a false promise of joining him at the war later. Although the story takes place in the background of sixteenth century, the reality of socio economic conditions of London was not that optimistic. While real wages fell, prices rose in the mid sixteenth century and high costs were incurred due to the wars against Scotland and France. (Luu, 44) The story therefore raises the hopes of the people who are down the economic scale because it shows how opportunities lie around and everyone seems to be engaged in some trade or the other. Thus the story contradicts the reality. The play shows a struggle against poverty. The economic aspect is emphasized in the play. Therefore the story appeals to the mass on the lower economic scale because it raises their hopes that opportunity lies around them only to be grabbed at the right moment. Looking at the other aspect of the story, which is love, one may notice that both the couples get

Three Social Media Aggregators That Bring It All Together Essay Example for Free

Three Social Media Aggregators That Bring It All Together Essay Social media services facilitate connection of people via Facebook, Twitter and Flickr, for example, have opened enormous opportunities for people to interact and share ideas. As Pash (2009) puts it, managing the many updates is not an easy task; hence, must provide a viable way of managing the different social media services. In the article, 3 Social Media Aggregators That Bring It Altogether, Pash (2009) asserts that social media aggregators are the solution to the challenge of managing the different social media services that keep people connected. According to the author, social aggregators are significant in ensuring that there is a single entry point to access one’s social networking sites. This has long-term benefits by enabling one to keep monitoring his social network streams and keeping them in one dashboard. Through this, it will be possible for social network users to establish flexible ways of managing the network sites by categorizing them in terms of importance. People who rely on social media as a communication platform, for instance, business owners will find the concept extremely significant. This is because they have to communicate with their clients and expand their customer base. Through the social aggregator processes, it is possible for business owners to prioritize on their activities and establish long-term connections with clients. On a personal level, the idea of social media aggregation is important in enhancing the ability to monitor social media tools in my jurisdiction. The need to improve communication networks will certainly trigger me to join the social media aggregation exercises. Indeed, this is a valuable way of examining one’s social media influence. Reference Pash, A. (2009). Three Social Media Aggregators That Bring It All Together. Retrieved from: http://www.pcworld.com/article/169515/social_media_aggregators.html Source document

Modern society and causes of social change

Modern society and causes of social change If the human balance of nature is essentially a matter of matching persons with activities, anything that disturbs that balance leads to social change- (Bryant Peck, 2007; 449) In a continuously developing world particularly with reference to the current global ideal of what we now call a modernised society, the concept of social change may be identified as the influence perpetuating the pandemic. Social change in this instance is described as the adjustment in the basic structures of a social group or society (Giddens, 2006). According to Giddens (2006) social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life, but has become especially intense in the modern era due to efforts to restore social balance. Hence, the outcomes of these efforts of social change may be reflected in a positive or negative light. In essence if social change is the perpetuating factor of a developing society, then the trigger of its influence must come from some sort of threatening social event. These events may vary in form. Natural disasters are thus recognised as not only an environmental, yet a societal event as well that poses a threat for social change, arising from the soci al consequences that they bring about. This essay will therefore aim to discuss the impact of social change on the environment and describe the social consequences of natural disasters, with reference to case studies to provide evidence. The onset of social change as mentioned above is triggered by social events. Subsequently those socially threatening events are triggered by the victims themselves. In this case human beings are not only the victims yet also the perpetrators of critical social events which predispose social change. There are many elements and dimensions that need to be considered when addressing the intricate concept of social change. The first is that social change has consistent characteristics (Macionis, 1996). In this sense according to Macionis (1996) the first characteristic is that social change happens everywhere, though differs from place to place. For example the United States would experience faster change due to its advanced technology in comparison to a third world country that does not have these advances. Another characteristic is that social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned (Macionis, 1996). In this context one would draw attention to technological developments and the levels of advantages and disadvantages. For example in the transportation industry, the invention of the airplane was developed in order to increase trade and speed travel. Though, when it was developed it was probably not realised how this invention would affect societies and families in the future. Accordingly, we now suffer with the devastating consequences of global warming of which the advances in transportation have contributed. In addition social change also generates controversy (Macionis, 1996). In this case the conflict theory is reflected whereby social change emerges due to conflict amongst race, class, religion etc. Karl Marx in particular believed that class conflict sparked change and the conflict theory draws on the works of his communism approach reflected in his perspective of the class system. Lastly, some social changes matter more than others do (Macionis, 1996). For example the invention of computers was more important than the invention of cabbage patch dolls (Macionis, 1996). The causes of social change arise in cultural, conflict, political, economic, environmental and ideational contexts. Yet, combined the causes form the globalisation pandemic. Globalisation may be describe as the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the worlds markets and businesses (DFAIT, 2002). The ever-increasing interdependencies among nations in resource exploitation, production (including out-sourcing) and marketing and the need to remove obstructions to this interdependency are driving forces behind the rush for globalisation (Rahman, 2002). These interdependencies cause a need to develop and, in marketing terms, this need becomes a demand thus as the demand increases so does the production. Consequently as the production increases the advances in the particular products increase to ensure better quality and so the process continues. This has continued to the point where we now have genetically modified foods to feed a growing population and the process of cloning. It is these particular advances that are now the reasons for many of the environmental problems that have occurred recently. Hence, the point made on the notion that social change forms part of a cycle. According to (Rahman, 2002) these global forces have produced rapid social change which is often marked by more inter and intra-regional disparity, environmental and ecological crisis, social disintegration, conflict and violence. Local population growth and natural disasters further aggravate the magnitude of human hardship (Rahman, 2002). This hardship occurs due to the use and limited availability of the resources which is usually used to generate the products that globalization exploits. These hardships arise because humans, like all organisms on Earth, interact with both the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in their environment (Richmond, 2002). This interaction has devastating effects on the environment. As Richmond (2002) explains, environmental degradation happens when a potentially renewable resource (one of the biotic or abiotic factors humans need and use such as soil, grassland, forest, wildlife or fuel) is extracted at a rate faster than the resource can be replaced, and thus becomes depleted. According to Richmond (2002) if the rate of use of the resource remains high, the resource can become non-renewable on a human time scale or even become non-existent. Evidence occurring throughout the twentieth century shows that agriculturally productive land has been extensively modified to make it even more productive (Richmond, 2002). This includes the widespread use during the twentieth century of chemical fertilizers (often produced from oil) pesticides, and extensive irrigation (Richmond, 2002). As Richmond (2002) emphasises to supply the needs of extensive irrigation, surface water has been diverted and many wells have been drilled seeking more subsurface water. At the same time that industrial agriculture was growing, agriculturally productive land was being lost to urban development and industry (Richmond, 2002). In the twenty first century, competition for remaining land and water resources is expected to continue to increase (Richmond, 2002). These particular problems are contributory causes of globalisation and can lead to natural hazards. Natural hazards, which is defined as a threat of a dangerous magnitude of a natural process, have the potential to cause a number of primary and secondary phenomena (Chen, 2005). According to Chen (2005) primary phenomena are the natural hazards themselves this includes tropical cyclones, floods, storms, droughts and earthquakes. The secondary phenomena comprises of the vulnerabilities of the elements at risk such as populations, infrastructure, economic, political and social activities, which make them more susceptible to being harmed or damaged by a hazard event (Chen, 2005). The secondary cause results from the dependency of the primary. For example the devastating and seemingly arbitrary nature of disasters such as Hurricane Katrina can reinforce the popular notion that such events are random in their social dimensions. There are many aspects of social dimensions that get affected and these occur abruptly due to the unpremeditated impact of natural disasters. In the case study based on Hurricane Katrina, among New Orleanians who were employed at the time of the storm, only a quarter reported having the same job one month later, compared with over two-thirds of respondents from outside the city (Elliot Pais, 2006). This shows that the natural disaster brought about unemployment which is considered a social issue. Based on the same study by Elliot Pais (2006) it was concluded that when such disasters do occur, individuals understandably become stressed. The results of the Hurricane Katrina Case study also show that for all three indicators of stress (current, short-term, and long-term) proved to be remarkably consistent (Elliot Pais, 2006). They show that race, not class, had a strong influence on post-disaster stress associated with Hurricane Katrina, with blacks generally reporting higher stress levels than whites, all else being equal (Elliot Pais, 2006). Moreover, this racial difference increased further into the future when respondents are asked to look five years ahead (Elliot Pais, 2006). For example, the average black-white differential in stress was greater when respondents are asked to look five years ahead than when they were asked to look only a few months ahead (Elliot Pais, 2006). This provides evidence that natural disasters have social impacts yet is not the driving force behind political change. Instead the politics and ethical issues arise from the mind-sets of the victims themselves arising from the current social systems implemented prior to the disaster. The very same study proved that when these disasters occur, individuals are intensely personally affected and prior research suggests that this stress tends to be higher in technological disasters than in natural disasters (Erikson, 1994; Freudenberg, 1997; Norris et al., 2001). This pattern is pertinent to Hurricane Katrina because many observers now view events within the City of New Orleans as primarily a technological disaster (levee failure) and events outside the city as primarily a natural disaster (wind, rain, and storm-surge destruction) (Elliot Pais, 2006). This proves the correlation between man made global advances and natural disasters. In another study conducted in Ethiopia on the effect of the severe prolonged Ethiopian drought of 1998-2000 presents a second kind of disaster experiment (Carter, Little, Mogues, Negatu, 2007). Direct destruction of assets was modest, but the income losses of repeated crop failures in some locations forced households to choose between preserving assets, or selling them to maintain current consumption and health v(Carter et al, 2007). This particular example suggests that natural disasters puts its victims into a life threatening position of decision yet that decision is forced upon by a global economy. Hence, in order for survival individuals are forced to resort to modern consumptions and become part of the modern economic system. This occurs due to the premise that most land is owned by those who have the most wealth and power. Individuals who are in poverty are therefore unable to build their villages on these lands, though those who have some kind of wealth have an advantage to rebuilding a living. In the case of the recent earthquake in Haiti crisis, political instability and violence seem to have intensified over the last two decades (Daumerie, 2010). While the influence of population on political stability and security is certainly not a simple cause-and-effect relationship, a very youthful age structure can potentially exacerbate the development challenges faced by a nation and, in turn, accentuate political instability (Daumerie, 2010). In Haiti, 15 to 29 year-olds comprise 50 percent of the population, and entering the labour market proves very challenging for them (Daumerie, 2010). As Daumerie (2010) suggests between 45 and 55 percent of youth in their twenties are either unemployed or inactive. Girls perform hard, unpaid work in the household and in some cases engage in paid sexual activity (Daumerie, 2010). As noted by Steve Laguerre of Catholic Relief Services, We have a lot of cross-generational sex between young girls and older men who can provide for them. (Daumerie, 2010;2). According to Daumerie (2010) young boys substitute this by engaging in illegal activities, which in the data are reported as inactivity. Eighty percent of violent crimes in the Caribbean are committed by men, the majority of whom are under age 35 (Daumerie, 2010). The case of Haiti reveals political, economical and social issues that have arisen from the natural disaster. The victims in poverty are forced to resort to desperate measures and the youth is devastatingly affected by this. According to Daumerie (2010) in the capital Port-au Prince, dozens of gangs wander the slums and kill, steal or beat with freedom, while controlling different parts of the city. For a population of less than ten million (half of them children), surveys report 209,000 small arms and light weapons distributed among a horde of armed groups, including criminal and youth gangs, resistance fronts, death squads, prison escapees, political groups, self-defence militias, private security companies and children (Daumerie, 2010). With a succession of military officials rising to power in recent years, international aid was largely suspended and the Haitian army was left with little capital to reimburse its soldiers, who began to use their weapons against citizens for their own gains (Daumerie, 2010). Later, the drug trafficking trade also contributed to the proliferation of violence as Haiti was used by the Colombian cartel as a trans-shipment point for cocaine (Daumerie, 2010). Armed criminal group violence has intensified radically since the last military overthrow in 1994 and have become more brutal since 2000 (Daumerie, 2010). One can elicit that the use of weaponry and violence poses disastrous effects on the physical environment. According to Enzler (2006) the use of weapons, the destruction of structures and oil fields, fires, military transport movements and chemical spraying are all examples of the destroying impact war may have on the environment. Air, water and soil are polluted, man and animal are killed, and numerous health affects occur among those still living (Enzler, 2009). The use of warfare thus contributes to the damaging effects of global warming experienced all over the world today. Hence the notion that the victims impose harm on the environment. In conclusion humans are continuously faced with social change due to the fact that they are continuously changing their way of life. By continuously changing the way of life by modernized means we are changing the life of the living environment itself. The globalisation pandemic is evidence of this. As we continuously develop these advances in production and ways of living we are destroying the balance of nature. When this balance is disrupted natural disasters occur and hence social change emerges. This brings about a cycle where human action and nature are dependent upon one another. Social change in its current state needs to be directed in a positive light where balance is restored. Perhaps this balance will only be renowned when human action is directed toward positive outcomes.

Healthy Biscuit Industry India

Healthy Biscuit Industry India India Biscuits Industry is the largest among all the food industries and has a turnover of around Rs.3000 crores. India is known to be the second largest manufacturer of biscuits, the first being USA. It is classified under two sectors: organized and unorganized. Bread and biscuits are the major part of the bakery industry and covers around 80 percent of the total bakery products in India. Biscuits stand at a higher value and production level than bread. This belongs to the unorganized sector of the bakery Industry and covers over 70% of the total production. India Biscuits Industry came into limelight and started gaining a sound status in the bakery industry in the later part of 20th century when the urbanized society called for readymade food products at a tenable cost. Biscuits were assumed as sick-mans diet in earlier days. Now, it has become one of the most loved fast food products for every age group. Biscuits are easy to carry, tasty to eat, cholesterol free and reasonable at cost. States that have the larger intake of biscuits are Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra and West Bengal, the most industrially developed states, hold the maximum amount of consumption of biscuits. Even, the rural sector consumes around 55 percent of the biscuits in the bakery products. Health biscuits are also gaining speed in market. It has become the part of the diet of many health conscious people. Many brands like Britannia, sunfeast and Parle are coming up with their variety of health biscuits which are beneficial during sickness or for diabetic people of health conscious people. The following survey is on this section of biscuits. It is done on 200 consumers of health biscuits who are randomly selected. OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY The objective of the survey is to find the factor which influences the customers to buy health biscuits of a specific brand. To know the expectations and requirements of all customers regarding health biscuits To find out how the biscuits of different brands are rated by the cosumers.. Also to find out what improvements the consumer wants in this line of biscuits. LIMITATION OF THE SURVEY Some of the respondents were not responding to some of the questions. Some of the respondents dine have so much information about the biscuit and the brand. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology followed for conducting the study includes the specification of Research design, sample design, questionnaire design, data collection and Statistical tools used for analyzing the collected data. FINDINGS Britannia creamcracker is the most preferred health biscuits as most of the respondents buy this biscuits. Most of the respondents buying this biscuit are diabetic patients or they buy to keep themselves fit. Price of the biscuit is also satisfactory and quality wise also its good. Most of the respondents got aware of this biscuits by tv advertisements. The customers want more varieties in this line of biscuits. CONCLUSION After conducting this research it was found that the demand for the health biscuits is increasing and there is a lot of scope in this line. The current situation is that Britannia has the highest sales and demand for it health biscuits and the most demanded biscuit is nutri choise creamcracker. RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTIONS There should be more variety of healthy biscuits available. There packaging and advertisement should be taken care appropriately. Taste of these products should also be improved. They should also provide with more schemes and benefits Learning From this study I acquired the knowledge of different factors which affect the customer preference in biscuit market. Also how the respondents rate the product on the given factors.

The Third Bank of the River :: Third Bank River Essays

The Third Bank of the River Beginning shortly before the turn of the last century, there was a noticeable trend towards the ambiguous in modern Brazilian literature. Writers such as Machado de Assis and Jorge Amado have both explored the use of the unstated and the forced compromise between extremes that have grown to be so crucial to the modernist movement. No Brazilian author, however, has mastered the compromise quite like Joà £o Guimarà £es Rosa, a man who was once described as not only leading, but preceding the reader "to a place where there is discord and cacophony under which there is a strange harmony†¦the third bank of the river†¦the land every soul craves for." In his collection of short stories, Primeiras Està ³rias (1962), Rosa pays particularly close attention to ambiguity as a main theme in Brazilian backland writing. First translated to English in 1968 under the title First Stories, Primeiras Està ³rias, and in particular, "The Third Bank of the River," is in many ways the defining work of the Brazilian short story. Carl Jung once said "the confrontation of the two positions [of opposites] generates a tension charged with energy and creates a living, third thing."1 In "The Third Bank of the River," Joà £o Guimarà £es Rosa does just that by first exploring these separate, symbolic opposites in the lives of members of the narrator’s family. He then crafts, out of the conflict, a third position which can be, at best, described as a compromise between the two extremes. Often times, these extremes are the very definitions of characterization we come to expect in a short story, and, by blurring these lines, Rosa is able to also blur "The Third Bank of the River" into a work of ambiguous and allegorical nature. By never exactly defining the third essence that is created, the author is able to explore this clearly important topic in greater depth. The importance of the crossing is that, in every case the author presents, it represents the journey from one position to its opposite, continuing un til the characters reach their final destination: the third, intermediate situation. It is in this way that father’s crossing has a profound effect on the family (most notably the narrator) and the way they conduct the rest of their lives. The important thing to recognize immediately about "The Third Bank of the River" is that it can either be read as a literal retelling of the events or as a metaphor concerning the death of a loved one.

Gun Control in the United States Essay -- second amendment,firearm, we

The second amendment gives people the right to own a firearm. The founding fathers might have thought a gun was the best form of protection but many years have past since then and humans have evolved. Times are different and society is different. Technology has a big impact on people and how we think and all those variables can affect people with how they react in stressful situations. We have to consider the mental stability of those in possession of the weapons, it is important to keep the weapon away from loved ones or other people, and is the law protecting those in possession of the weapons or putting lives in more danger. The human mind is a complex place filled with a variety of thoughts and desires. One may hide the deepest thought in the unconscious without even knowing it or worse, their desires reside in the conscious waiting to be acted upon. With all circumstances no one from the outside knows what is going on in another ones mind even the person himself may not be completely be sure. My confidence in ones mental stability is low because these facts show the mystery of what is inside the human mind. â€Å"To elaborate on this, in a previous study in 2004 researchers discovered that around one in four adults have a mental health disorder and one in seventeen had a serious mental illness but how many of them keep going on with their lives thinking their feelings are normal? All people are given the right to bare arms that means all people even those with these disorders. Now the right to bare arms is the right of the people to protect themselves yet giving those with weak mental stability is a scary thought† (â€Å"Mental Health†). The laws should provide us with a mental state test before being given a weapons license. .. ...929.full>. "Eligibility Requirements." / Concealed Weapon License / Licensing / Divisions & Offices / Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. . "Florida Concealed Carry Permit Information." Florida Concealed Carry Permit Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. . "Guns and Violence." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. "Gun Control." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. "Mental Health." - Healthy People 2020. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. . Gun Control in the United States Essay -- second amendment,firearm, we The second amendment gives people the right to own a firearm. The founding fathers might have thought a gun was the best form of protection but many years have past since then and humans have evolved. Times are different and society is different. Technology has a big impact on people and how we think and all those variables can affect people with how they react in stressful situations. We have to consider the mental stability of those in possession of the weapons, it is important to keep the weapon away from loved ones or other people, and is the law protecting those in possession of the weapons or putting lives in more danger. The human mind is a complex place filled with a variety of thoughts and desires. One may hide the deepest thought in the unconscious without even knowing it or worse, their desires reside in the conscious waiting to be acted upon. With all circumstances no one from the outside knows what is going on in another ones mind even the person himself may not be completely be sure. My confidence in ones mental stability is low because these facts show the mystery of what is inside the human mind. â€Å"To elaborate on this, in a previous study in 2004 researchers discovered that around one in four adults have a mental health disorder and one in seventeen had a serious mental illness but how many of them keep going on with their lives thinking their feelings are normal? All people are given the right to bare arms that means all people even those with these disorders. Now the right to bare arms is the right of the people to protect themselves yet giving those with weak mental stability is a scary thought† (â€Å"Mental Health†). The laws should provide us with a mental state test before being given a weapons license. .. ...929.full>. "Eligibility Requirements." / Concealed Weapon License / Licensing / Divisions & Offices / Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. . "Florida Concealed Carry Permit Information." Florida Concealed Carry Permit Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. . "Guns and Violence." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. "Gun Control." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. "Mental Health." - Healthy People 2020. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. .

A Report on the Link Between Management Principles, Functions and Organisation Structure

A REPORT ON THE LINK BETWEEN MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES, FUNCTIONS AND ORGANISATION STRUCTURE ESHUL RAYHAN ID 103718-86 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 FUNCTION OF PLANNING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 FUNCTION OF ORGANISING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 FUNCTION OF LEADING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ANDORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 FUNCTION OF CONTROLLING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 REFERENCE LIST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 SUMMARY The report shows the connection between the four functions of management, Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling with the Management Principles and Organizational Structures are designed to imply the factors for the successful operation of a business organization like Marks and Spencer.Examples has been drawn to support the ideas and put light on the scenarios in the organization. INTRODUCTION The motto of the following report is to identify and highlight the connection between the management principles, functions and organizational structure. Every organization has the application of these three factors as better outcomes are achieved when they are linked together and implied. The management principles affect the management functions which have a great influence on the organizational str ucture.This report is using ‘MARKS AND SPENCER’ as an example to show how the three affect on each other. Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively through other people. It includes various processes and steps which will be further discussed in the following report. There are 14 management principles as stated by Henry Fayol ( Boddy, 2005 ). Many of them are linked with the functions of management which are, Planning, Organizing, Controlling and Leading.The report is to show the relations between the three factors of the business and how are they implied. FUNCTION OF PLANNING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Planning is an essential component of management function to carry out the smooth operation of a business. It contains the property of identifying the obejectives of a business by the management team. When the plans are being made, the changes are implied immediately or according to a time sp an as required according to the current status of the business.For a successful planning, forecasting is very necessary for the management as it helps them to be prepared for the worst case scenarios and to earn more revenues as well. This very function management can be linked with one of the management principles as stated by a French business analyst named Henry Fayol, which is Unity of Direction. The author defines the principle as the combination of group of people who work together to achieve the same organizational goals and performs the activities in a definite synchronized system to achieve them with maximum efficiency.For example, if we look into a press release by Marks and Spencer during their AGM in 11th July 2011, it is seen that the Chairman and CEO of the company, Mr. Luc Vandevelde announced that the company is going to bring a significant change in their planning and thus a change in their organizational structure as well. He also announced the new planning strateg ies which will be carried out to maximize profits for the company. The plans were implied from 29th March 2001. It included the selling of their own brands only but not any other external brands anymore.This is done to reattain the fame regarding the quality of own products as customers experienced no extra facilities buying external brands from Marks and Spencer and neither the external brand companies nor Marks and Spencer could gain any outstanding revenue selling exrternal brand products. To make this come into action, the company decided to return to their own suppliers who had been supplying the very own products dedicated for the selling purpose of Marks and Spencer only. This would result to the attainment of the former business relations and strong future commitments and the uphill formation of M & S business achievements.The second plan was to close down the subsidiary companies which were making losses rather than profits M & S. For example, Brooks Brothers and Kings Supe r Market in USA were sold off as they were loss-making companies and were affecting the gross profit margin of M & S. The company also decided to close down the stores in Central Europe as it was not making profits. These plans were made and implied after research being made by the superiors of the company and the structures had been re-organized.This is where the organizational structure comes into action when the company sort out and design the strategies to overcome the difficulties and perform smooth business actions. FUNCTION OF ORGANISING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Organizing is the process of combining human, physical and financial resources to achieve organizational goals. It is important to carefully dedicate the resources to maximize profits since resources are always limited. This is synchronized with the ‘Division of Labor’ management principle by Henry Fayol.This factor of management principle is described by the author t hat the every duty of an organization is spread evenly among the employees to ease out the process of output. If we draw an example regarding M & S, its seen that the duties are segregated between the employees. The organization is structured from the Chairman to Customer Service Assistant, where, they have different tasks to complete. This results to finish and achieve goals within less time and with more efficiency as there is a saying that,’ A load of ten is a burden of one’.Each of the employee are asked to perform their own definite task which then becomes a positive outcome when made total. FUNCTION OF LEADING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Management needs to exercise the function of leading in order for the organization to achieve their goals. It is an essential part of the management as it helps the management to direct employees to focus on ‘the big picture’. Normally management focuses on increasing productivity to improve cost efficiency. To improve productivity employees need direction and motivation.The direction and motivation are usually received from superiors. This can be linked with the management principle of ‘Authority and Responsibility’ which means to have the power to order the sub-ordinates and direct them to achieving goals. For example, M & S have the supervisors who lead the Retail Operatives to fulfill the targets which are set by the Managers to the supervisors. It follows a chain of command which has the ultimate goal of maximizing profit. The chain of command starts from the highest level of authority like the Chairman and ends to the Retail Operatives’ tasks.FUNCTION OF CONTROLLING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Management must use the function of Control to maximize employee performance and stabilize the working environment. There had been always a controversy where it is widely believed that Controlling is a negati ve term because the employees regard it to be a restriction. But at the very conclusion, it helps to maintain a strict guideline which the employees must follow to avoid chaos. â€Å"Managers expect people in an organization to change their behavior in response to control† (Erven, 1994).This can be inter related with management principle of â€Å"Discipline†, which is clearly stated by Fayol that there should be certain rules which are to be followed must by the employees. When it is looked into M & S, it is apparent that the company applies a number of rules which must be obliged by the employees to create a better working environment and prevent any internal hassles within the company. Therefore, the organization has been structured in such format where certain rules are set in purpose to keep the working environment healthy and prosperous in respect to business aspects. CONCLUSIONFrom the report it is apparent that Management Functions are greatly influenced by the Management Principles based on which the organization is being structured. The achievement of organizational goals are highly affected due to the implication of these three management factors. It is fair to conclude that, for an organization to make profit and carry out its operation in long run, the application of these management factors are inevitable. REFERENCE LIST 1. Boddy, D (2005), Management Concepts and Principles, Prentice Hall 2. [Online] http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/aboutus/ourhistory, Accessed at 12/04/2011

Smiling These Days

Dale Carnegie’s How to Win Friends and How to Influence People is the veritable how-to guide of relationships, full of tips regarding interpersonal relationship ranging from how to appease the saleslady who has been on her feet all day into letting you see just one more box of shoes, to becoming a leader of your select group without raising any ire or offense, even the suspicion that you’re vying for that administrative spot. The book teaches the reader about handling people, to making them like you, and to swaying people to your thinking.Handed to me some years ago by a well-meaning adult, I thumbed through the book rather dubiously, nonetheless eager to get from it what I can. Dale Carnegie’s self-help book changed my life, in that it realized more than its promise of winning me friends and influencing people – the book allowed me to see, quite clearly, that people nowadays are not so open to your smiles and your and your interpersonal maneuvering, no ma tter how sincere and well-meaning you may be.Subliminal messages of kindness and camaraderie don’t go too well with people these days, compared to the in-text testimonials of people from fifty years before. To paraphrase a popular saying, the road to good intentions is paved with practiced smiles and the inevitable ire you’ll raise with all those smiles. Do not offend, says the book, be sincere about this. For example, the book encourages the reader to, well, smile, and do it with your heart and the purest of your intentions shining through.Take that saleslady for example: at the end of both your days, you give her a smile, and she forgets herself and scowls at you, perhaps thinking that you are another demanding customer, before she puts up the trained facade of fake cheerfulness and asks you, â€Å"What can I do for you, ma’am? † You attempt to finagle the cooperation of a colleague by underscoring his achievements, and then glossing over your own. Most ambitious individuals think of your praise as their right, and nod their acknowledgement, and move on, uninfluenced. It seems that any act of kindness will be misconstrued as one with dubious intentions.It becomes more apparent than ever before how cynical, jaded and world-weary human beings have become, until you smile at their direction for no apparent reason, with no agenda in mind. You are immediately treated with speculation and doubt, that with one smile, people see a wealth of malevolent planning and less-than-decent intentions behind it. And you can’t blame your skeptical audience. Practice the tenets of the book all you want, but then, you still end up following dictates regarding how to treat people better, mostly because you want something from them – be it friendship, agreement, respect or obedience.Ironically, in our desire to reach out to people with no malice, we do so motivated by our needs and demands from them. Basically, How to Win Friends and Influ ence People is the benevolent person’s guide to taking over the world, in his own way. And maybe therein lies the basic flaw in my character, and in all the other people I know who say that this book has â€Å"failed† them too, that perhaps I am not well-meaning enough for this, not considerate, not kind enough. And maybe, I, too, am far too cynical to believe that this book could actually work.But then the book can teach you to transcend this, as it claims to be a guide to making friends, to ensuring harmonious relationships between strangers, colleagues, friends and family. It enumerates and elaborates techniques and devices, from that sincere smile, to appreciation and praise, to downplaying your own merits in order to encourage the productivity of others – it is a self-help book about proper interaction with your fellow man. And perhaps that is the book’s ultimate failure, allowing us to see how cynical and jaded this world has become: that we actuall y need a self-help book to teach us how to be decent human beings.

Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives

The assignment encompasses the idea of ICT and its role in national and international perspective. ICT integration in Disaster Risk Reduction is a contemporary idea. Disaster losses can be some-fold reduced if it can integrate technologies with it. ICT can serve in a broader scheme when it comes to disaster risk reduction. The motto of this assignment is to narrate ICT's contribution internationally and compare it with national DRR measures. The data that are used in here are secondary data. Key words: ICT, DRR, National, International.INTRODUCTIONDue to the geographic location and geological settings, Bangladesh has to endure several life-threatening catastrophes (Islam et al. 2014). Previous disasters snatched so many valuable lives and destroyed a huge amount of property. In this scenario, it is imperative to think about measures that incorporate technologies in disaster schemes. Access to proper, reliable, timely information assists to a great extent in all phases of a disaster. Without reliable information, people often end up guessing a sketchy situation which leads to an uncertain situation (Wattegama 2014). ICTs have their own advantages that effectively serve in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction (ADPC n.d.). During disaster, receiving proper information becomes one of the basic needs. Proper respond requires correct and timely information dissemination. Thus, technology/ICT can serve in this arena rather than dissemination information manually. Recently, there is a growing awareness regarding incorporating ICT in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). ICT can help in shifting paradigm from conventional to comprehensive (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Current policy recognizes the importance of ICT in DRR; per se, Hyogo Framework for Action (ADPC n.d.). ICT provides the scope for proper coordination, management, relief distribution, search and rescue and so on. Although Bangladesh is a disaster prone country, it has set an example in shifting the paradigm of disaster; where ICT plays a role. ICT has contributed to shape the knowledge regarding disaster, disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). But in spite of having an infrastructural line up, there is no comprehensive system that designates roles and responsibilities among different organizations.PROBLEM STATEMENTThough ICT is a very important tool regarding reduce disaster risk, there are some limitations for which it cannot serve properly. First, there is a severe deficiency of experienced personnel to operate technological sector. Second, a lot of acts are stated but government is reluctant to enact them all. Third, there are not enough backup plans in case of power loss occurs. Because without power, most of the tools will not come in handy. Forth, a mass people are out of reaching the meteorological data, forecasting due to lack of medium.RATIONALE OF THE STUDYThe assignment is carried ou t with a view to acknowledging the existing pattern of ICT in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction. With adequate references, it compares national and international scheme of DRR and role of ICT in this regard. As the concern of ICT is increasing with the pace of DRR in present time; it is essential to compare ICT in national DRR with international perspective.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe following research questions were taken into account while doing the assignment. These are – What are the current ICT tools that are in use in DRR of Bangladesh and other countries? Is it possible to bring new dimensions in existing DRR pattern of Bangladesh?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objectives are the following – To get an overview of ICT in DRR in national and international perspective. To suggest some ideas comparing the upper two perspectives.LITERATURE REVIEWDisaster cannot be eliminated totally but the loss due to it can be minimized (Hasan and Ayub 2015). For effective DRR, it needs spec ial attention from all sectors. ICT can help in this regards. It can play a pivotal role for reducing disaster risk. There are some traditional channels and emerging channels to serve in this regard (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh gained its popularity in the sector of Disaster Management for shifting into proactive measures from reactive measures. This was possible due to largely focusing on early warning, preparedness, welfare of people, reducing vulnerabilities and so on. Complexity and uncertainty is a part of eliminating disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). It varies with different context, type, distance, time. So, collecting and analyzing data manually is a comparatively hard job (Yap 2011). There ICT plays a significant role to highlight the risk zones, formulate different simulations to understand about upcoming extreme events. Early warning beforehand a disaster was developed with the help of mobile phone, radio/community radio, television, different software, satellite based data, GIS, remote sensing both nationally and internationally (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Among them radio, television, mobile phone is marked as the most valid tool. Because, hardly all the countries have access to internet as most of them are developing countries. But again they have some drawbacks- if they are switched off; people remain in dark about the upcoming disaster (Yap 2011). Satellite-based communication system can come in handy when ground internet, network is not at work. In Asian region, Thaicom's IPStar satellite has established for the broadest service network (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh should make the best use out of it during disasters. The Indian Ocean tsunami (December 2004) made the world astonished. There was next to no warning measures and thousands of people were suddenly in front of giant killer waves. In the aftermath of the tsunami, several international meetings have been held and they came to a conclusion. That is to build to Multi Hazard Early Warning System in the regime of South-East Asia. Later Bangladesh also showed interest to this early warning system (Wattegama 2014). Lanka Software Foundation founded free and open source based software named ‘Sahana'. Which helped to find missing person showing electronic bulletin, organized donor organization, keep a virtual record of temporary camp, shelter. So, technology can help immensely when it comes to disaster. A disaster database – ‘DesInventar'; that stores up to 30 years of data helped 17 countries of North and South America. Later, inspired by this Orissa (India) created a database that contains data from 1970s. Again, the India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) is a web-enabled and GIS-based national database that collects and stores information such as different organizational expertise, details of equipment. So that, they can be mobilized quickly in the time of response (Wattegama 2014). A case study shows that during Haiti earthquake in 2010, the distressed people could send a SMS out of cost to the Haitian diaspora community. Then the outside community added location and passed it to different organizations, NGOs to accommodate relief for them. This set an example for two-way communication, which is very much significant during disaster. But this measure is absent from Bangladesh's disaster scheme (ADPC n.d.). Also, GIS is flourishing platform in DRR for creating baseline information for risk assessments. But due to lack of experts, the sector is remained untouched. In Bangladesh, National ICT Policy was enacted in 2009; and there is a wide range of activities are stated with a view to protect citizens through effective ICT management. It comprises reote sensing technologies for disaster management and mitigation, SMS based disaster warning system, efficient relief management and post-disaster activities monitoring, GIS based systems to monitor flood ; cyclone shelters, GIS based systems to ensure equitable distribution of relief goods and identify hard to reach areas and so on (MSICT 2009). Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (FFWC), Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Institute for Water Modeling (IWM) and other organization work relentlessly in DRR sector with the help of technology in Bangladesh (MSICT 2009). And they are trying to add new dimension in early warning system as a part of disaster risk reduction.RESEARCH GAPBangladesh is lagged behind when it comes to technological advancement. There is much opportunity to contribution in this section. For example, in the previous section, there is mentioned about the two-way communication system that helped Haitian distressed people. As that is absent from Bangladesh DRR implementation, it could be introduced from a new angle. Two way communications cannot help only during disaster, but also in pre-disaster situation. There could be a free portal/line that would only take suggestions, com plaints regarding the existent problem for a specific society.METHODOLOGYThe assignment is conducted by reviewing and using secondary sources. The assignment mostly followed the researches, papers, articles where secondary data are used immensely and qualitative in manner. Conceptualization was the first step doing this assignment. A mind map was created while selecting and reviewing the data. The data were collected in the manner that supports the idea of the topic.CONCLUSIONICT is only a tool that can be used for mitigate, preparedness, response purpose. The effect of ICT lies in how it is used for reducing disaster risk. This is the key challenge. Again, most of the disaster prone countries are developing countries. They have little access to internet other than radio, television. In this situation it is difficult to set an ICT-based DRR system. Some governments are also negligent when it comes to incorporate ICT in the national disaster scheme. It is time to realize that ICT is not only a mere tool; actually it can serve in a broader sense for reducing disaster risk and achieving sustainable future. It can be beneficial to all concerned stakeholders, non government- government bodies, donor agencies and more. An all out effort should be made for proper cooperation and coordination, building experts and last but not the least mainstream technology in the existing disaster risk reduction practices.ReferencesAsian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) n.d., ICT for Disaster Risk Management, viewed on 11 October, 2018, link: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/47520_ictfordisasterriskmanagement.pdfAyo, CK, Adeboye, AB and Gbadeyan JA 2011, Application of ICT to Resource and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86.Hassan, M and Ayub, A 2015,  Role of ICT in natural disa ster management of Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).Islam, ARMT, Tasnuva, A, Islam, MT and Haque, MR 2014, Management Approach to Disaster Scenerio in Bangladesh: An Overview, Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 1-7.Ministry of Science and Information ; Communication Technology (MSICT) Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National ICT Policy – 2009, July 2009Wattegama, C 2014, ICT for disaster management.Yap, NT 2011, Disaster management, developing country communities & climate change: The role of ICTs,  Manchester: Report, eds. R, Heeks and A, Ospina for IDRC, Centre for Development Informatics, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.

Importance of Handwash

Image description. Better Health Channel logo End of image description. Handwashing – why it's important A  number  of  infectious  diseases  can  be  spread  from  one  person  to  another  by  contaminated  hands, particularly  gastrointestinal  infections,  influenza  and  hepatitis  A. Washing  your  hands  properly  can help  prevent  the  spread  of  the  organisms  that  cause  these  diseases. Some  forms  of  gastroenteritis  can  cause  serious  complications,  especially  for  young  children,  the elderly,  or  those  with  a  weakened  immune  system. Drying  your  hands  properly  is  as  important  as washing  them.Ima ge des crip When to wash your hands You  should  wash  your  hands  thoroughly: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Before  preparing  food Before  eating Between  handlin g  raw  and  cooked  or  ready-to-eat  food After  going  to  the  toilet  or  changing  nappies After  smoking After  using  a  tissue  or  handkerchief After  handling  rubbish  or  working  in  the  garden After  handling  animals After  attending  to  sick  children  or  other  family  members. How to wash your hands properly To  wash  hands  properly: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Wet  your  hands  with  warm  water.Apply  one  dose  of  liquid  soap  and  lather  (wash)  well  for  15–20  seconds  (or  longer  if  the dirt  is  ingrained). Rub  hands  together  rapidly  across  all  surfaces  of  your  hands  and  wrists  to  he lp  remove  dirt and  germs. Don’t  forget  the  backs  of  your  hands,  your  wrists,  between  your  fingersà ‚  and  under  your fingernails. If  possible,  remove  rings  and  watches  before  you  wash  your  hands,  or  ensure  you  move the  rings  to  wash  under  them,  as  microorganisms  can  exist  under  them. Rinse  well  under  running  water  and  make  sure  all  traces  of  soap  are  removed,  as  residues may  cause  irritation.Pat  your  hands  dry  using  paper  towels  (or  single-use  cloth  towels). Make  sure  your  hands are  thoroughly  dry. Dry  under  any  rings  you  wear,  as  they  can  be  a  source  of  future  contamination  if  they remain  moist. Hot  air  driers  can  be  used  but,  again,  you  should  ensure  your  hands  are  thoroughly  dry. At  home,  give  each  family  member  their  own  towel  and  wash  the  towels  often. Handwashing  Ã ¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  why  it's  important Page  1  of  4 How  to  wash  and  dry  hands  with  liquid  soap  and  water  (Click  to  open  larger  image) Use warm waterCold  water  is  better  than  no  water  at  all  for  a  one-off  hand  wash,  but  should  not  be  used  for routine  handwashing. Soap  lathers  (soaps  up)  better  with  warm  water. The  active  ingredients  on the  surface  of  the  soap  are  released  more  easily,  making  them  more  effective  in  cleaning  your hands  of  dirt,  grease  and  oils,  without  stripping  away  the  natural  oils  in  your  skin. Using  cold  or  hot water  can  also  damage  the  skin’s  natural  oils. Over  time,  this  can  cause  dermatitis. Soap is important Soap  contains  ingredients  that  will  help  to: †¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Loosen  dirt  on  your  hands.Soften  water,  making  it  easier  to  lather  the  soap  over  your  hands. Rinse  your  hands,  leaving  no  residues  to  irritate  and  dry  your  skin. Soaps  can  have  different  pH  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  they  may  be  neutral,  slightly  alkaline  or  slightly  acidic. That’s  why some  soaps  irritate  some  people  and  not  others. Perfumes  in  soap  can  be  another  reason  why some  people  have  skin  reactions. Liquid soap is best Handwashing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  why  it's  important Page  2  of  4 Generally,  it  is  better  to  use  liquid  soap  than  bar  soap,  particularly  at  work.The  benefits  of  liquid soap  include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hygiene  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  it  is  less  likely  to  be  contaminated. Right amount  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  liquid  soap   dispensers  do  not  dispense  more  than  required  (more  is  not better). Less waste  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  it’s  easier  to  use,  with  less  wastage. Drop-in  cassette  dispensers  use  all  the soap. Saves time  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  liquid  soap  dispensers  are  easy  and  efficient  to  use. Disposable  liquid  soap  cassettes  are  convenient,  as  you  do  not  have  to  wash  and  thoroughly  dry the  refillable  container  before  refilling. If  you  want  to  use  refillable  cont

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Services Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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